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IEEE 62271-37-013-2015

IEEE 62271-37-013-2015

$105.63

IEEE/IEC International Standard for High-voltage switchgear and controlgear — Part 37-013: Alternating-current generator circuit-breakers

Published By Publication Date Number of Pages
IEEE 2015 226
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PDF Pages PDF Title
1 IEC/IEEE 62271-37-013 Front Cover
3 Title page
4 CONTENTS
14 FOREWORD
16 1 General
1.1 Scope
1.2 Normative references
17 2 Normal and special service conditions
2.1 Normal service conditions
2.2 Special service conditions
3 Terms and definitions
18 3.1 General terms
20 3.2 Assemblies of switchgear and controlgear
3.3 Parts of assemblies
3.4 Switching devices
22 3.5 Parts of generator circuit-breakers
25 3.6 Operation
27 3.7 Characteristic quantities
37 Figures
Figure 1 – Typical oscillogram of a three-phase short-circuit make-break cycle
38 Figure 2 – Generator circuit-breaker without resistors – Opening operation
Figure 3 – Generator circuit-breaker without resistors – Close-open cycle
39 Figure 4 – Generator circuit-breaker with opening resistors – Opening operation
Figure 5 – Generator circuit-breaker with opening resistors – Close-open cycle
40 Figure 6 – Example of a three-phase asymmetrical current
41 Figure 7 – Examples of possible valid interruptions in a phase with intermediate level of asymmetry after a major loop and a corresponding time t1
42 3.8 Index of definitions
Figure 8 – Examples of possible valid interruptions in a phase with intermediate level of asymmetry after a minor loop and a corresponding time t2
46 4 Ratings
4.1 Rated voltage Ur
4.2 Rated insulation level
47 4.2.101 Dielectric strength
4.2.102 Rated power frequency withstand voltage Ud
4.2.103 Rated lightning impulse withstand voltage Up
4.3 Rated frequency fr
4.4 Rated normal current Ir and temperature rise
4.4.1 Rated normal current Ir
Tables
Table 1 – Rated insulation levels for a.c. generator circuit-breakers
48 4.4.2 Temperature rise
4.4.3 Particular points of Table 3 of IEC 62271-1:2007
4.4.101 Emergency current ratings during loss of cooling
49 4.5 Rated short-time withstand current Ik
4.6 Rated peak withstand current Ip
4.7 Rated duration of short circuit tk
Figure 9 – Effect of various cooling failures and subsequent load reductions on generator circuit-breaker temperature
50 4.8 Rated supply voltage of closing and opening devices and of auxiliaryand control circuits Ua
4.8.1 General
4.8.2 Rated supply voltage Ua
4.8.3 Tolerances
51 4.8.4 Ripple voltage
4.8.5 Voltage drop and supply interruption
4.9 Rated supply frequency of closing and opening devices and auxiliary circuits
4.10 Rated pressure of compressed gas supply for controlled pressure systems
4.11 Rated filling levels for insulation, interruption and/or operation
Table 2 – Preferred values of supply voltages and theirranges for closing and opening devices and of auxiliaryand control circuits of generator circuit-breakers
52 4.101 Rated short-circuit current
4.101.1 General
4.101.2 Rated system-source short-circuit breaking current
53 Figure 10 – Typical asymmetrical system-source short-circuit current
54 4.101.3 Rated generator-source short-circuit breaking current
Figure 11 – Degree of asymmetry as a function of time after fault initiation
55 Figure 12 – Typical asymmetrical generator-source short-circuit current with a strong decrement of the a.c. component
56 4.101.4 Rated single-phase-to-earth fault breaking current
4.102 Rated peak short-circuit making current IMC
4.103 Rated load making and breaking current
57 4.104 Rated out-of-phase making and breaking current
4.105 Rated transient recovery voltage (TRV) related to the breaking currents
4.105.1 Representation of TRV waves
58 4.105.2 Rated values of TRV
Figure 13 – 2-parameter representation of prospective TRV waveform for interrupting three-phase symmetrical faults
Table 3 – TRV parameters for system-source faults
59 4.106 Standard operating sequence
4.106.1 General
Table 4 – TRV parameters for generator-source faults
Table 5 – TRV parameters for load current switching
Table 6 – TRV parameters for out-of-phase current switching
60 4.106.2 Rated short-circuit current operating sequence
4.106.3 Rated load current operating sequence
4.106.4 Rated out-of-phase current operating sequence
4.107 Rated time quantities
4.107.1 General
4.107.2 Rated break-time
61 4.107.3 Rated minimum opening time
4.108 Mechanical operation endurance capability classes M1 and M2
5 Design and construction
5.1 Requirements for liquids in generator circuit-breakers
62 5.2 Requirements for gases in generator circuit-breakers
5.3 Earthing of generator circuit-breakers
5.4 Auxiliary and control equipment
63 5.5 Dependent power operation
5.6 Stored energy operation
5.7 Independent manual or power operation (independent unlatched operation)
5.8 Operation of releases
5.8.1 Shunt closing release
5.8.2 Shunt opening release
5.8.3 Capacitor operation of shunt releases
5.8.4 Under-voltage release
5.8.101 Multiple releases
5.8.102 Operation limits of releases
5.8.103 Power consumption of releases
64 5.9 Low- and high-pressure interlocking devices
5.10 Nameplates
Table 7 – Nameplate information
66 5.10.101 Accessories
5.10.102 Modification of generator circuit-breakers
5.11 Interlocking devices
5.12 Position indication
5.13 Degrees of protection provided by enclosures
67 5.13.1 Protection of persons against access to hazardous parts and protection of the equipment against ingress of solid foreign objects (IP coding)
5.13.2 Protection against ingress of water (IP coding)
5.13.3 Protection of equipment against mechanical impact under normal service conditions (IK coding)
5.14 Creepage distances for outdoor insulators
5.15 Gas and vacuum tightness
5.16 Liquid tightness
5.17 Fire hazard (flammability)
5.18 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)
5.19 X-ray emission
5.20 Corrosion
5.101 Requirements for simultaneity of poles during single closing and single opening operations
68 5.102 General requirement for operation
5.103 Pressure limits of fluids for operation
5.104 Vent outlets
5.105 Warning labels
5.106 Instructions
69 6 Type tests
70 6.1 General
6.1.1 Grouping of tests
6.1.2 Information for identification of specimens
6.1.3 Information to be included in type-test reports
6.2 Dielectric tests
6.2.1 Ambient air conditions during tests
Table 8 – Type tests
71 6.2.2 Wet test procedure
6.2.3 Condition of the generator circuit-breaker during dielectric tests
6.2.4 Criteria to pass the test
6.2.5 Application of test voltage and test conditions
6.2.6 Tests of generator circuit-breakers of Ur ≤ 245 kV
72 6.2.7 Tests of generator circuit-breakers of Ur < 245 kV
6.2.8 Artificial pollution tests for outdoor insulators
6.2.9 Partial discharge tests
6.2.10 Dielectric tests on auxiliary and control circuits
6.2.11 Voltage test as a condition check
6.3 Radio interference voltage (r.i.v.) tests
73 6.4 Measurement of the resistance of circuits
6.4.1 Main circuit
6.4.2 Auxiliary circuits
6.5 Temperature-rise tests
6.5.1 Conditions of the generator circuit-breaker to be tested
6.5.2 Arrangement of the equipment
74 Table 9 – Conditions during temperature rise test
75 6.5.3 Measurement of the temperature and the temperature rise
6.5.4 Ambient air temperature
6.5.5 Temperature-rise tests of the auxiliary and control equipment
Figure 14 – Typical temperature rise test setup forsingle-phase-enclosed generator circuit-breakers (top view)
76 6.5.6 Interpretation of the temperature-rise tests
6.5.101 Demonstrations of emergency conditions
6.6 Short-time withstand current and peak withstand current tests
6.6.1 Arrangement of the generator circuit-breaker and of the test circuit
6.6.2 Test current and duration
6.6.3 Behaviour of generator circuit-breaker during test
6.6.4 Conditions of generator circuit-breaker after test
77 6.7 Verification of the degree of protection
6.7.1 Verification of the IP coding
6.7.2 Verification of the IK coding
6.8 Tightness tests
6.9 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) tests
6.10 Additional tests on auxiliary and control circuits
6.10.1 General
6.10.2 Functional tests
6.10.3 Electrical continuity of earthed metallic parts test
6.10.4 Verification of the operational characteristics of auxiliary contacts
6.10.5 Environmental tests
78 6.10.6 Dielectric tests
6.11 X-radiation test procedure for vacuum interrupters
6.101 Mechanical and environmental tests
6.101.1 Miscellaneous provisions for mechanical and environmental tests
81 6.101.2 Mechanical operation test at ambient air temperature
82 Table 10 – Number of operating sequences
Table 11 – Operations to be performed before and after the test programme
83 6.101.3 Low and high temperature tests
87 6.101.4 Sound level tests
6.102 Miscellaneous provisions for making and breaking tests
6.102.1 General
Figure 15 – Test sequences for low and high temperature tests
88 6.102.2 Number of test specimens
6.102.3 Arrangement of generator circuit-breaker for tests
90 6.102.4 General considerations concerning testing methods
91 Figure 16 – Reference mechanical travel characteristics (idealised curve)
92 Figure 17 – Reference mechanical travel characteristics (idealised curve) with the prescribed envelopes centered over the reference curve (+5 %, –5 %), contact separation in this example at time t = 20 ms
Figure 18 – Reference mechanical travel characteristics (idealised curve) with the prescribed envelopes fully displaced upward from the reference curve (+10 %, –0 %), contact separation in this example at time t = 20 ms
93 Figure 19 – Reference mechanical travel characteristics (idealised curve) with the prescribed envelopes fully displaced downward from the reference curve (+0 %, –10 %), contact separation in this example at time t = 20 ms
94 Figure 20 – Equivalent testing set-up for unit testing of generator circuit-breakers with more than one separate interrupter units
96 6.102.5 Synthetic tests
6.102.6 No-load operations before tests
6.102.7 Alternative operating mechanisms
97 6.102.8 Behaviour of generator circuit-breaker during tests
98 6.102.9 Condition of generator circuit-breaker after tests
100 6.102.10 Demonstration of the most severe switching conditions
102 Figure 21 – Two valid three-phase symmetrical breaking operations
104 Figure 22 – Three-phase asymmetrical breaking operation – Minimum arcing time with intermediate asymmetry after major loop (tarc min 1)
105 Figure 23 – Three-phase asymmetrical breaking operation – Maximum arcing time for the first-pole-to-clear after major loop (tarc max 1)
106 Figure 24 – Three-phase asymmetrical breaking operation – Minimum arcing time with intermediate asymmetry after minor loop (tarc min 2)
107 Figure 25 – Three-phase asymmetrical breaking operation – Maximum arcing time for the last-pole-to-clear after extended major loop (tarc max 2)
109 Figure 26 – Single-phase asymmetrical breaking operation – Minimum arcing time with intermediate asymmetry after major loop (tarc min 1)
110 Figure 27 – Single-phase asymmetrical breaking operation – Maximum arcing time for the first-pole-to-clear after major loop (tarc max 1)
111 Figure 28 – Single-phase asymmetrical breaking operation – Minimum arcing time with intermediate asymmetry after a minor loop (tarc min 2)
112 Figure 29 – Single-phase asymmetrical breaking operation – Maximum arcing time for the last-pole-to-clear extended major loop (tarc max 2)
113 Table 12 – Test parameters for 50 Hz asymmetrical system-source fault test-duties for the first-pole-to-clear
114 Table 13 – Test parameters for 60 Hz asymmetrical system-source fault test-duties for the first-pole-to-clear
115 Table 14 – Test parameters for 50 Hz asymmetrical system-source fault test-duties for the last-pole-to-clear
116 Table 15 – Test parameters for 60 Hz asymmetrical system-source fault test-duties for the last-pole-to-clear
117 6.102.11 Methods of determining prospective transient recovery voltage waves
6.103 System-source short-circuit making and breaking tests
6.103.1 Power factor of test circuit
6.103.2 Frequency of test circuit
6.103.3 Earthing of test circuit
118 Figure 30 – Earthing of test circuits for three-phase short-circuit tests, first-pole-to-clear factor 1,5
Figure 31 – Earthing of test circuits for single-phase short-circuit tests, first-pole-to-clear factor 1,5
119 6.103.4 Connection of test circuit to generator circuit-breaker
6.103.5 Applied voltage for system-source short-circuit making tests
6.103.6 System-source short-circuit making current
6.103.7 System-source short-circuit breaking current
120 6.103.8 Transient recovery voltage (TRV) for system-source short-circuit breaking tests
121 6.103.9 Measurement of transient recovery voltage during test
6.103.10 Power frequency recovery voltage
6.103.11 System-source short-circuit test operating sequence
6.103.12 System-source short-circuit test-duties
122 Table 16 – Test duties to demonstrate the system-source short-circuit makingand breaking current capability for three-phase tests
123 6.104 Load current breaking tests
6.104.1 General
Table 17 – Test duties to demonstrate the system-source short-circuit makingand breaking current capability for single-phase tests
124 6.104.2 Conditions of test severity
6.104.3 Number of tests
6.105 Generator-source short-circuit current making and breaking tests
6.105.1 Power factor of test circuit
6.105.2 Frequency of test circuit
125 6.105.3 Earthing of test circuit
6.105.4 Connection of the test circuit to the generator circuit-breaker
6.105.5 Applied voltage for generator-source short-circuit making tests
126 6.105.6 Generator-source short-circuit making current
6.105.7 Generator-source short-circuit breaking current
127 6.105.8 Transient recovery voltage (TRV) for generator-source short-circuit breaking tests
6.105.9 Measurement of transient recovery voltage during test
6.105.10 Power frequency recovery voltage
6.105.11 Generator-source short-circuit test operating sequence
6.105.12 Generator-source short-circuit breaking test-duties
128 Figure 32 – Example of a valid prospective test current for test-duty 5
Figure 33 – Example of a valid test for test-duty 5
129 Figure 34 – Example of an invalid test for test-duty 5
Figure 35 – Second example of a valid test for test-duty 5
130 Figure 36 – Example of a valid prospective test current for test-duties 6A and 6B
Figure 37 – Example of a valid test for test-duties 6A and 6B
131 Figure 38 – Example of a valid test for test-duties 6A and 6B
132 Table 18 – Test duties to demonstrate the generator-source short-circuit making and breaking current capability for three-phase tests
133 6.106 Out-of-phase making and breaking tests
6.106.1 General
Table 19 – Test duties to demonstrate the generator-source short-circuit making and breaking current capability for single-phase tests
134 6.106.2 Out-of-phase current switching capability
6.106.3 Conditions of test severity
135 Table 20 – Test duties to demonstrate the out-of-phase currentswitching capability for three-phase tests
136 6.106.4 Test circuit
Table 21 – Test duties to demonstrate the out-of-phase current switching capability for single-phase tests
137 Figure 39 – Test circuit for single-phase out-of-phase tests
Figure 40 – Test circuit for out-of-phase tests using two voltagesseparated by 120 electrical degrees
Figure 41 – Test circuit for out-of-phase tests with one terminal of the generatorcircuit-breaker earthed (subject to agreement of the manufacturer)
138 6.106.5 Applied voltage before out-of-phase making tests
6.106.6 Transient recovery voltage (TRV) for out-of-phase breaking tests
6.106.7 Demonstration of the most severe switching conditions during test-duty OP1
6.106.8 Demonstration of the most severe switching conditions during test-duty OP2
7 Routine tests
139 7.1 Dielectric test on the main circuit
7.2 Tests on auxiliary and control circuits
7.2.1 Inspection of auxiliary and control circuits, and verification of conformity to the circuit diagrams and wiring diagrams
7.2.2 Functional tests
7.2.3 Verification of protection against electrical shock
7.2.4 Dielectric tests
140 7.3 Measurement of the resistance of the main circuit
7.4 Tightness test
7.4.1 Controlled pressure systems for gas
7.4.2 Closed pressure systems for gas
7.4.3 Sealed pressure systems
7.4.4 Liquid tightness tests
141 7.5 Design and visual checks
7.101 Mechanical operating tests
142 8 Guide to the selection of generator circuit-breakers
8.101 General
143 8.102 General application conditions
8.102.1 Normal service conditions
8.102.2 Special service conditions
145 8.103 Application consideration
8.103.1 General
8.103.2 Rated voltage
8.103.3 Rated insulation level
146 8.103.4 Rated frequency
8.103.5 Rated normal current
8.103.6 Short-circuit current rating
147 Figure 42 – General circuit diagram of a power station
149 Figure 43 – Generator-source short-circuit current
150 Figure 44 – Generator-source short-circuit current in case of generator delivering power with lagging or leading power factor prior to fault initiation
151 Figure 45 – Short-circuit current for generator-source fault
152 Figure 46 – Short-circuit current with circuit-breaker arc voltageafter contact separation
161 8.103.7 TRV rating for system-source and generator-source short-circuits
Figure 47 – Single-line diagram of a power station with two generators connected to the high-voltage system by means of a three-winding step-up transformer
163 Figure 48 – Single-line diagram of unit generator system
Figure 49 – Single-line diagram of half-sized transformer unit system
164 Figure 50 – Single-line diagram of system with half-sized generators
167 8.103.8 Rated load making and breaking current
168 Figure 51 – Single-line diagram of power system
Figure 52 – Equivalent circuit of power system
169 Figure 53 – Voltage diagram for lagging power factor load
Figure 54 – Voltage diagram for unity power factor load
Figure 55 – Recovery voltage across the generator circuit-breaker
170 Figure 56 – TRV curve for the first-pole-to-clear
171 8.103.9 Rated out-of-phase making and breaking current
172 8.103.10 Excitation switching current
173 8.103.11 Capacitive switching current
9 Information to be given with enquiries, tenders and orders
175 10 Rules for transport, storage, installation, operation and maintenance
10.1 Conditions during transport, storage and installation
176 10.2 Installation
10.2.1 Unpacking and lifting
10.2.2 Assembly
10.2.3 Mounting
10.2.4 Connections
10.2.5 Final installation inspection
177 10.2.6 Basic input data by the user
10.2.7 Basic input data by the manufacturer
10.2.101 Commissioning tests
178 10.2.102 Commissioning checks and test programme
181 10.3 Operation
182 10.4 Maintenance
10.4.1 General
10.4.2 Recommendations for the manufacturer
183 10.4.3 Recommendations for the user
10.4.4 Failure report
185 11 Safety
11.1 Precautions by manufacturers
11.2 Precautions by users
186 11.3 Electrical aspects
11.4 Mechanical aspects
187 11.5 Thermal aspects
11.6 Operation aspects
12 Influence of the product on the environment
188 Annex A (normative)Tolerances on test quantities during type tests
189 Table A.1 – Tolerances on test quantities for type tests
192 Annex B (normative)Records and reports of type tests according to6.6, 6.103, 6.104, 6.105 and 6.106
B.1 Information and results to be recorded
B.2 Information to be included in type test reports
B.2.1 General
B.2.2 Apparatus tested
B.2.3 Rated characteristics of generator circuit-breaker, including its operating devices and auxiliary equipment
193 B.2.4 Test conditions (for each series of tests)
B.2.5 Short-circuit making and breaking tests
194 B.2.6 Short-time withstand current test
B.2.7 No-load operation
B.2.8 Out-of-phase making and breaking tests
195 B.2.9 Load current switching tests
B.2.10 Oscillographic and other records
196 Annex C (…)
197 Annex D (normative)Use of mechanical characteristics and related requirements
198 Annex E (informative)Example of the application of a generator circuit-breaker
E.1 General
E.2 System characteristics
Figure E.1 – Single-line station diagram
199 Table E.1 – System characteristics
200 E.3 System-source short-circuit current
E.3.1 AC component of the system-source short-circuit breaking current
201 E.3.2 System-source asymmetrical short-circuit breaking current
203 E.4 Generator-source short-circuit current
E.4.1 AC component of the generator-source short-circuit breaking current
204 E.4.2 Generator-source asymmetrical short-circuit breaking current
205 Figure E.2 – Asymmetrical generator-source short-circuit currentwith no arc at the fault location
206 E.5 Transient recovery voltage
E.6 Out-of-phase conditions
Figure E.3 – Asymmetrical generator-source short-circuit currentwith arc at the fault location
207 Figure E.4 – Schematic diagram of power station(single-line diagram as in Figure 48)
209 E.7 Normal current application
Figure E.5 – Prospective fault current considering the moment of inertia of the synchronous machine and resulting from synchronizing under out-of-phase conditions (out-of-phase angle φ0 = 90°, fault initiation at UA = 0)
210 E.8 Generator circuit-breaker electrical characteristics
Figure E.6 – Generator circuit-breaker temperature and load current with loss of coolant
212 Annex F (informative)For generator circuit-breakers connected to the step-up transformer by shielded cables – An example of the effects of added capacitance on TRV requirements for a system-source fault
213 Figure F.1 – TRV rate-of-rise for system-source faults: transformersrated from 65,5 MVA to 100 MVA
Figure F.2 – TRV peak (uc) multipliers for system-source faults:transformers rated from 65,5 MVA to 100 MVA
214 Figure F.3 – TRV rate-of-rise for system-source faults: transformers rated from 10 MVA to 50 MVA
Figure F.4 – TRV peak (uc) multipliers for system-source faults:transformers rated from 10 MVA to 50 MVA
215 Annex G (informative)Symbols and related terminology
G.1 Comparison of IEEE and IEC electrical terms and symbols
Table G.1 – Comparison of IEEE and IEC electrical terms and symbols
216 G.2 Comparison between TRV terminology and symbols
217 Figure G.1 – 2-parameter TRV envelope representation of 1-cosineTRV when interrupting three-phase symmetrical fault currents
Table G.2 – A comparison between the TRV terminology and symbols usedin IEC 62271-100 with those used in older IEEE/ANSI standards
218 Annex H (informative)Determination of the degree of asymmetry forgenerator-source short-circuit breaking tests
219 Figure H.1 – Prospective generator-source short-circuit current(fault initiation at voltage zero)
220 Annex I (informative)Faults in case of three-winding step-up transformer
Figure I.1 – Single-line diagram of a power station with two generators connected to the high-voltage system by means of a three-winding step-up transformer
221 Figure I.2 – Prospective system-source short-circuit current to be interrupted by Generator circuit-breaker #1 in case of three-phase earthed fault occurring at location F in Figure I.1 (only the current in the phase with the highest degree of asymmetry is shown – fault initiation at voltage = 0)
Table I.1 – A comparison between prospective system-source short-circuit currentsto be interrupted by Generator circuit-breaker 1 in case of three-phase earthedfault occurring at location F in Figure I.1
222 Figure I.3 – Prospective fault current fed by Generator 2 to be interrupted by Generator circuit-breaker 2 in case of three-phase earthed fault occurring at location F in Figure I.1 (only the current in the phase with the highest degree of asymmetry is shown – fault initiation at voltage = 0)
223 Bibliography

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IEEE 62271-37-013-2015
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