Name: ASHRAE HB Funde 09 2009 PDF - PDF Standards Store
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PDF Pages	PDF Title
1	ip09FrontCover ip09FrontCover
2	09FrontMatter_I-P 09FrontMatter_I-P
3	Dedicated To The Advancement Of Dedicated To The Advancement Of The Profession And Its Allied Industries The Profession And Its Allied Industries DISCLAIMER DISCLAIMER
10	ip09Inside4VolTOC ip09Inside4VolTOC 2009 FUNDAMENTALS 2009 FUNDAMENTALS 2008 HVAC SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT 2008 HVAC SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT
11	2007 HVAC APPLICATIONS 2007 HVAC APPLICATIONS 2006 REFRIGERATION 2006 REFRIGERATION
13	ip09Spine ip09Spine
14	I-P_F09_Ch01 I-P_F09_Ch01 Composition of Dry and Moist Air Composition of Dry and Moist Air U.S. Standard Atmosphere U.S. Standard Atmosphere
15	Thermodynamic Properties of Moist Air Thermodynamic Properties of Moist Air Thermodynamic Properties of Water at Saturation Thermodynamic Properties of Water at Saturation Humidity Parameters Humidity Parameters Basic Parameters Basic Parameters
25	Humidity Parameters Involving Saturation Humidity Parameters Involving Saturation Perfect Gas Relationships for Dry and Moist Air Perfect Gas Relationships for Dry and Moist Air
26	Thermodynamic Wet-Bulb and Dew-Point Temperature Thermodynamic Wet-Bulb and Dew-Point Temperature Numerical Calculation of Moist Air Properties Numerical Calculation of Moist Air Properties
27	Moist Air Property Tables for Standard Pressure Moist Air Property Tables for Standard Pressure Psychrometric Charts Psychrometric Charts
29	Typical Air-Conditioning Processes Typical Air-Conditioning Processes Moist Air Sensible Heating or Cooling Moist Air Sensible Heating or Cooling Moist Air Cooling and Dehumidification Moist Air Cooling and Dehumidification Adiabatic Mixing of Two Moist Airstreams Adiabatic Mixing of Two Moist Airstreams
30	Adiabatic Mixing of Water Injected into Moist Air Adiabatic Mixing of Water Injected into Moist Air Schematic Showing Injection of Water into Moist Air Schematic Showing Injection of Water into Moist Air
31	Space Heat Absorption and Moist Air Moisture Gains Space Heat Absorption and Moist Air Moisture Gains
32	Transport Properties of Moist Air Transport Properties of Moist Air Symbols Symbols
33	References References Bibliography Bibliography
34	I-P_F09_Ch02 I-P_F09_Ch02 Thermodynamics Thermodynamics Stored Energy Stored Energy Energy in Transition Energy in Transition
35	First Law of Thermodynamics First Law of Thermodynamics Second Law of Thermodynamics Second Law of Thermodynamics
36	Thermodynamic Analysis of Refrigeration Cycles Thermodynamic Analysis of Refrigeration Cycles Equations of State Equations of State
37	Calculating Thermodynamic Properties Calculating Thermodynamic Properties
38	Phase Equilibria for Multicomponent Systems Phase Equilibria for Multicomponent Systems
39	Compression Refrigeration Cycles Compression Refrigeration Cycles Carnot Cycle Carnot Cycle
40	Theoretical Single-Stage Cycle Using a Pure Refrigerant or Azeotropic Mixture Theoretical Single-Stage Cycle Using a Pure Refrigerant or Azeotropic Mixture
41	Lorenz Refrigeration Cycle Lorenz Refrigeration Cycle
42	Theoretical Single-Stage Cycle Using Zeotropic Refrigerant Mixture Theoretical Single-Stage Cycle Using Zeotropic Refrigerant Mixture
43	Multistage Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycles Multistage Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycles
44	Actual Refrigeration Systems Actual Refrigeration Systems
46	Absorption Refrigeration Cycles Absorption Refrigeration Cycles Ideal Thermal Cycle Ideal Thermal Cycle Working Fluid Phase Change Constraints Working Fluid Phase Change Constraints
47	Temperature Glide Temperature Glide Working Fluids Working Fluids
48	Absorption Cycle Representations Absorption Cycle Representations Conceptualizing the Cycle Conceptualizing the Cycle
49	Absorption Cycle Modeling Absorption Cycle Modeling Analysis and Performance Simulation Analysis and Performance Simulation
50	Double-Effect Cycle Double-Effect Cycle
51	Ammonia/Water Absorption Cycles Ammonia/Water Absorption Cycles
52	Symbols Symbols
53	References References Bibliography Bibliography
54	I-P_F09_Ch03 I-P_F09_Ch03 Fluid Properties Fluid Properties Density Density Viscosity Viscosity
55	Basic Relations of Fluid Dynamics Basic Relations of Fluid Dynamics Continuity in a Pipe or Duct Continuity in a Pipe or Duct Bernoulli Equation and Pressure Variation in Flow Direction Bernoulli Equation and Pressure Variation in Flow Direction
56	Laminar Flow Laminar Flow Turbulence Turbulence Basic Flow Processes Basic Flow Processes Wall Friction Wall Friction
57	Boundary Layer Boundary Layer Flow Patterns with Separation Flow Patterns with Separation
58	Drag Forces on Bodies or Struts Drag Forces on Bodies or Struts Nonisothermal Effects Nonisothermal Effects
59	Flow Analysis Flow Analysis Generalized Bernoulli Equation Generalized Bernoulli Equation Conduit Friction Conduit Friction
61	Valve, Fitting, and Transition Losses Valve, Fitting, and Transition Losses
62	Control Valve Characterization for Liquids Control Valve Characterization for Liquids Incompressible Flow in Systems Incompressible Flow in Systems
63	Flow Measurement Flow Measurement
64	Unsteady Flow Unsteady Flow
65	Compressibility Compressibility
66	Compressible Conduit Flow Compressible Conduit Flow Cavitation Cavitation Noise in Fluid Flow Noise in Fluid Flow
67	Symbols Symbols References References Bibliography Bibliography
68	I-P_F09_Ch04 I-P_F09_Ch04 Heat Transfer Processes Heat Transfer Processes Conduction Conduction Convection Convection
69	Radiation Radiation Combined Radiation and Convection Combined Radiation and Convection Contact or Interface Resistance Contact or Interface Resistance Heat Flux Heat Flux
70	Overall Resistance and Heat Transfer Coefficient Overall Resistance and Heat Transfer Coefficient Thermal Conduction Thermal Conduction One-Dimensional Steady-State Conduction One-Dimensional Steady-State Conduction
71	Two- and Three-Dimensional Steady-State Conduction: Shape Factors Two- and Three-Dimensional Steady-State Conduction: Shape Factors Extended Surfaces Extended Surfaces
75	Transient Conduction Transient Conduction
78	Thermal Radiation Thermal Radiation Blackbody Radiation Blackbody Radiation
79	Actual Radiation Actual Radiation
80	Angle Factor Angle Factor
81	Radiant Exchange Between Opaque Surfaces Radiant Exchange Between Opaque Surfaces
83	Radiation in Gases Radiation in Gases Thermal Convection Thermal Convection Forced Convection Forced Convection
88	Heat Exchangers Heat Exchangers Mean Temperature Difference Analysis Mean Temperature Difference Analysis NTU-Effectiveness (e) Analysis NTU-Effectiveness (e) Analysis
90	Plate Heat Exchangers Plate Heat Exchangers Heat Exchanger Transients Heat Exchanger Transients Heat Transfer Augmentation Heat Transfer Augmentation
91	Passive Techniques Passive Techniques
94	Active Techniques Active Techniques
97	Symbols Symbols
98	Greek Greek Subscripts Subscripts References References
100	Bibliography Bibliography Fins Fins
101	Heat Exchangers Heat Exchangers Heat Transfer, General Heat Transfer, General
102	I-P_F09_Ch05 I-P_F09_Ch05 Boiling Boiling Boiling and Pool Boiling in Natural Convection Systems Boiling and Pool Boiling in Natural Convection Systems
105	Maximum Heat Flux and Film Boiling Maximum Heat Flux and Film Boiling Flooded Evaporators Flooded Evaporators Forced-Convection Evaporation in Tubes Forced-Convection Evaporation in Tubes
108	Boiling in Plate Heat Exchangers Boiling in Plate Heat Exchangers
109	Condensing Condensing Condensation on Inside Surface of Horizontal Tubes Condensation on Inside Surface of Horizontal Tubes
111	Noncondensable Gases Noncondensable Gases
112	Other Impurities Other Impurities Pressure Drop Pressure Drop Friedel Correlation Friedel Correlation
113	Lockhart and Martinelli Correlation Lockhart and Martinelli Correlation Grönnerud Correlation Grönnerud Correlation Müller-Steinhagen and Heck Correlation Müller-Steinhagen and Heck Correlation
114	Recommendations Recommendations Pressure Drop in Plate Heat Exchangers Pressure Drop in Plate Heat Exchangers
115	Enhanced Surfaces Enhanced Surfaces Symbols Symbols
116	References References
120	I-P_F09_Ch06 I-P_F09_Ch06 Molecular Diffusion Molecular Diffusion Fick’s Law Fick’s Law Fick’s Law for Dilute Mixtures Fick’s Law for Dilute Mixtures
121	Fick’s Law for Mass Diffusion Through Solids or Stagnant Fluids (Stationary Media) Fick’s Law for Mass Diffusion Through Solids or Stagnant Fluids (Stationary Media) Fick’s Law for Ideal Gases with Negligible Temperature Gradient Fick’s Law for Ideal Gases with Negligible Temperature Gradient Diffusion Coefficient Diffusion Coefficient
122	Diffusion of One Gas Through a Second Stagnant Gas Diffusion of One Gas Through a Second Stagnant Gas
123	Equimolar Counterdiffusion Equimolar Counterdiffusion Molecular Diffusion in Liquids and Solids Molecular Diffusion in Liquids and Solids
124	Convection of Mass Convection of Mass Mass Transfer Coefficient Mass Transfer Coefficient Analogy Between Convective Heat and Mass Transfer Analogy Between Convective Heat and Mass Transfer
128	Lewis Relation Lewis Relation Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer Between Water-Wetted Surfaces and Air Simultaneous Heat and Mass Transfer Between Water-Wetted Surfaces and Air Enthalpy Potential Enthalpy Potential
129	Basic Equations for Direct-Contact Equipment Basic Equations for Direct-Contact Equipment
130	Air Washers Air Washers
131	Cooling Towers Cooling Towers Cooling and Dehumidifying Coils Cooling and Dehumidifying Coils
132	Symbols Symbols
133	References References Bibliography Bibliography
134	I-P_F09_Ch07 I-P_F09_Ch07 Terminology Terminology
135	Types of Control Action Types of Control Action Two-Position Action Two-Position Action Modulating Control Modulating Control
136	Combinations of Two-Position and Modulating Combinations of Two-Position and Modulating
137	Classification by Energy Source Classification by Energy Source Computers for Automatic Control Computers for Automatic Control Control Components Control Components Controlled Devices Controlled Devices Valves Valves
139	Dampers Dampers
141	Positive (Pilot) Positioners Positive (Pilot) Positioners Sensors Sensors
142	Temperature Sensors Temperature Sensors Humidity Sensors Humidity Sensors Pressure Transmitters and Transducers Pressure Transmitters and Transducers
143	Flow Rate Sensors Flow Rate Sensors Indoor Air Quality Sensors Indoor Air Quality Sensors Lighting Level Sensors Lighting Level Sensors Power Sensing and Transmission Power Sensing and Transmission Controllers Controllers Digital Controllers Digital Controllers
144	Electric/Electronic Controllers Electric/Electronic Controllers Pneumatic Receiver-Controllers Pneumatic Receiver-Controllers Thermostats Thermostats Auxiliary Control Devices Auxiliary Control Devices
147	Communication Networks for Building Automation Systems Communication Networks for Building Automation Systems Communication Protocols Communication Protocols OSI Network Model OSI Network Model Network Structure Network Structure
148	Connections Between BAS Networks and Other Computer Networks Connections Between BAS Networks and Other Computer Networks
149	Transmission Media Transmission Media
150	Specifying BAS Networks Specifying BAS Networks Specification Method Specification Method Communication Tasks Communication Tasks Approaches to Interoperability Approaches to Interoperability Standard Protocols Standard Protocols
151	Gateways and Interfaces Gateways and Interfaces Specifying DDC Systems Specifying DDC Systems Commissioning Commissioning Tuning Tuning Tuning Proportional, PI, and PID Controllers Tuning Proportional, PI, and PID Controllers
152	Tuning Digital Controllers Tuning Digital Controllers
153	Computer Modeling of Control Systems Computer Modeling of Control Systems Codes and Standards Codes and Standards References References Bibliography Bibliography
154	I-P_F09_Ch08 I-P_F09_Ch08 Acoustical Design Objective Acoustical Design Objective Characteristics of Sound Characteristics of Sound Levels Levels Sound Pressure and Sound Pressure Level Sound Pressure and Sound Pressure Level
155	Frequency Frequency Speed Speed Wavelength Wavelength Sound Power and Sound Power Level Sound Power and Sound Power Level Sound Intensity and Sound Intensity Level Sound Intensity and Sound Intensity Level
156	Combining Sound Levels Combining Sound Levels Resonances Resonances Absorption and Reflection of Sound Absorption and Reflection of Sound
157	Room Acoustics Room Acoustics Acoustic Impedance Acoustic Impedance Measuring Sound Measuring Sound Instrumentation Instrumentation Time Averaging Time Averaging Spectra and Analysis Bandwidths Spectra and Analysis Bandwidths
158	Sound Measurement Basics Sound Measurement Basics
159	Measurement of Room Sound Pressure Level Measurement of Room Sound Pressure Level
160	Measurement of Acoustic Intensity Measurement of Acoustic Intensity Determining Sound Power Determining Sound Power Free-Field Method Free-Field Method Reverberation Room Method Reverberation Room Method
161	Progressive Wave (In-Duct) Method Progressive Wave (In-Duct) Method Sound Intensity Method Sound Intensity Method Measurement Bandwidths for Sound Power Measurement Bandwidths for Sound Power Converting from Sound Power to Sound Pressure Converting from Sound Power to Sound Pressure
162	Sound Transmission Paths Sound Transmission Paths Spreading Losses Spreading Losses Direct Versus Reverberant Fields Direct Versus Reverberant Fields Airborne Transmission Airborne Transmission Ductborne Transmission Ductborne Transmission Room-to-Room Transmission Room-to-Room Transmission
163	Structureborne Transmission Structureborne Transmission Flanking Transmission Flanking Transmission Typical Sources of Sound Typical Sources of Sound Source Strength Source Strength Directivity of Sources Directivity of Sources Acoustic Nearfield Acoustic Nearfield Controlling Sound Controlling Sound Terminology Terminology
164	Enclosures and Barriers Enclosures and Barriers Partitions Partitions
165	Sound Attenuation in Ducts and Plenums Sound Attenuation in Ducts and Plenums
166	Standards for Testing Duct Silencers Standards for Testing Duct Silencers System Effects System Effects Human Response to Sound Human Response to Sound Noise Noise
167	Predicting Human Response to Sound Predicting Human Response to Sound Sound Quality Sound Quality Loudness Loudness
168	Acceptable Frequency Spectrum Acceptable Frequency Spectrum Sound Rating Systems and Acoustical Design Goals Sound Rating Systems and Acoustical Design Goals A-Weighted Sound Level (dBA) A-Weighted Sound Level (dBA)
169	Noise Criteria (NC) Method Noise Criteria (NC) Method Balanced Noise Criteria (NCB) Method Balanced Noise Criteria (NCB) Method
170	Room Criterion (RC) Method Room Criterion (RC) Method Room Criteria (RC) Mark II Method Room Criteria (RC) Mark II Method Procedure for Determining the RC Mark II Rating for a System Procedure for Determining the RC Mark II Rating for a System
171	Estimating Occupant Satisfaction Using QAI Estimating Occupant Satisfaction Using QAI Criteria Selection Guidelines Criteria Selection Guidelines Fundamentals of Vibration Fundamentals of Vibration Single-Degree-of-Freedom Model Single-Degree-of-Freedom Model
172	Mechanical Impedance Mechanical Impedance Natural Frequency Natural Frequency
173	Practical Application for Nonrigid Foundations Practical Application for Nonrigid Foundations Vibration Measurement Basics Vibration Measurement Basics
174	Symbols Symbols References References
175	Bibliography Bibliography
176	I-P_F09_Ch09 I-P_F09_Ch09 Human Thermoregulation Human Thermoregulation
177	Energy Balance Energy Balance Thermal Exchanges with the Environment Thermal Exchanges with the Environment
178	Body Surface Area Body Surface Area Sensible Heat Loss from Skin Sensible Heat Loss from Skin Evaporative Heat Loss from Skin Evaporative Heat Loss from Skin
179	Respiratory Losses Respiratory Losses Alternative Formulations Alternative Formulations
180	Total Skin Heat Loss Total Skin Heat Loss
181	Engineering Data and Measurements Engineering Data and Measurements Metabolic Rate and Mechanical Efficiency Metabolic Rate and Mechanical Efficiency
182	Heat Transfer Coefficients Heat Transfer Coefficients
183	Clothing Insulation and Permeation Efficiency Clothing Insulation and Permeation Efficiency
185	Total Evaporative Heat Loss Total Evaporative Heat Loss Environmental Parameters Environmental Parameters
186	Conditions for Thermal Comfort Conditions for Thermal Comfort
187	Thermal Complaints Thermal Complaints
188	Thermal Comfort and Task Performance Thermal Comfort and Task Performance
189	Thermal Nonuniform Conditions and Local Discomfort Thermal Nonuniform Conditions and Local Discomfort Asymmetric Thermal Radiation Asymmetric Thermal Radiation Draft Draft
190	Vertical Air Temperature Difference Vertical Air Temperature Difference Warm or Cold Floors Warm or Cold Floors
191	Secondary Factors Affecting Comfort Secondary Factors Affecting Comfort Day-to-Day Variations Day-to-Day Variations Age Age Adaptation Adaptation Sex Sex Seasonal and Circadian Rhythms Seasonal and Circadian Rhythms Prediction of Thermal Comfort Prediction of Thermal Comfort Steady-State Energy Balance Steady-State Energy Balance
193	Two-Node Model Two-Node Model
194	Adaptive Models Adaptive Models Zones of Comfort and Discomfort Zones of Comfort and Discomfort
195	Environmental Indices Environmental Indices Effective Temperature Effective Temperature
196	Humid Operative Temperature Humid Operative Temperature Heat Stress Index Heat Stress Index Index of Skin Wettedness Index of Skin Wettedness Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature
197	Wet-Globe Temperature Wet-Globe Temperature Wind Chill Index Wind Chill Index
198	Special Environments Special Environments Infrared Heating Infrared Heating
199	Comfort Equations for Radiant Heating Comfort Equations for Radiant Heating Hot and Humid Environments Hot and Humid Environments
200	Extremely Cold Environments Extremely Cold Environments
202	Symbols Symbols Codes and Standards Codes and Standards
203	References References
205	Bibliography Bibliography
206	I-P_F09_Ch10 I-P_F09_Ch10 Background Background
207	Descriptions of Selected Health Sciences Descriptions of Selected Health Sciences Epidemiology and Biostatistics Epidemiology and Biostatistics
208	Industrial Hygiene Industrial Hygiene Microbiology and Mycology Microbiology and Mycology Toxicology Toxicology Hazard Recognition, Analysis, and Control Hazard Recognition, Analysis, and Control Hazard Control Hazard Control
209	Airborne Contaminants Airborne Contaminants Particles Particles Industrial Environments Industrial Environments
210	Synthetic Vitreous Fibers Synthetic Vitreous Fibers Combustion Nuclei Combustion Nuclei
211	Particles in Nonindustrial Environments Particles in Nonindustrial Environments Bioaerosols Bioaerosols
213	Gaseous Contaminants Gaseous Contaminants
214	Industrial Environments Industrial Environments Nonindustrial Environments Nonindustrial Environments
217	Physical Agents Physical Agents Thermal Environment Thermal Environment Range of Healthy Living Conditions Range of Healthy Living Conditions Hypothermia Hypothermia
218	Hyperthermia Hyperthermia Seasonal Patterns Seasonal Patterns Increased Deaths in Heat Waves Increased Deaths in Heat Waves
219	Effects of Thermal Environment on Specific Diseases Effects of Thermal Environment on Specific Diseases Injury from Hot and Cold Surfaces Injury from Hot and Cold Surfaces Electrical Hazards Electrical Hazards Mechanical Energies Mechanical Energies Vibration Vibration
220	Standard Limits Standard Limits
221	Sound and Noise Sound and Noise Electromagnetic Radiation Electromagnetic Radiation
222	Ionizing Radiation Ionizing Radiation Nonionizing Radiation Nonionizing Radiation
223	Ergonomics Ergonomics
224	References References
228	I-P_F09_Ch11 I-P_F09_Ch11 Classes of Air Contaminants Classes of Air Contaminants
229	Particulate Contaminants Particulate Contaminants Particulate Matter Particulate Matter Solid Particles Solid Particles Liquid Particles Liquid Particles Complex Particles Complex Particles Sizes of Airborne Particles Sizes of Airborne Particles
231	Particle Size Distribution Particle Size Distribution Units of Measurement Units of Measurement Measurement of Airborne Particles Measurement of Airborne Particles
233	Typical Particle Levels Typical Particle Levels Bioaerosols Bioaerosols Units of Measurement Units of Measurement
234	Sampling Sampling Control Control
235	Gaseous Contaminants Gaseous Contaminants Harmful Effects of Gaseous Contaminants Harmful Effects of Gaseous Contaminants
237	Units of Measurement Units of Measurement Measurement of Gaseous Contaminants Measurement of Gaseous Contaminants
238	Volatile Organic Compounds Volatile Organic Compounds
240	Controlling Exposure to VOCs Controlling Exposure to VOCs
241	Inorganic Gases Inorganic Gases Controlling Exposures to Inorganic Gases Controlling Exposures to Inorganic Gases
242	Air Contaminants by Source Air Contaminants by Source Outdoor Air Contaminants Outdoor Air Contaminants
243	Industrial Air Contaminants Industrial Air Contaminants Nonindustrial Indoor Air Contaminants Nonindustrial Indoor Air Contaminants
244	Flammable Gases and Vapors Flammable Gases and Vapors
245	Combustible Dusts Combustible Dusts
246	Radioactive Air Contaminants Radioactive Air Contaminants Radon Radon
247	Soil Gases Soil Gases References References
249	Bibliography Bibliography
250	I-P_F09_Ch12 I-P_F09_Ch12 Odor Sources Odor Sources Sense of Smell Sense of Smell Olfactory Stimuli Olfactory Stimuli
251	Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy and Physiology Olfactory Acuity Olfactory Acuity Factors Affecting Odor Perception Factors Affecting Odor Perception Humidity and Temperature Humidity and Temperature Sorption and Release of Odors Sorption and Release of Odors Emotional Responses to Odors Emotional Responses to Odors
252	Odor Sensation Attributes Odor Sensation Attributes Detectability Detectability Intensity Intensity
253	Character Character
254	Hedonics Hedonics Dilution of Odors by Ventilation Dilution of Odors by Ventilation Odor Concentration Odor Concentration Analytical Measurement Analytical Measurement Odor Units Odor Units
255	Olf Units Olf Units References References
257	Bibliography Bibliography
258	I-P_F09_Ch13 I-P_F09_Ch13 Computational Fluid Dynamics Computational Fluid Dynamics Mathematical and Numerical Background Mathematical and Numerical Background
260	Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) Approaches Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) Approaches Large Eddy Simulation (LES) Large Eddy Simulation (LES)
261	Direction Numerical Simulation (DNS) Direction Numerical Simulation (DNS) Meshing for Computational Fluid Dynamics Meshing for Computational Fluid Dynamics Structured Grids Structured Grids
262	Unstructured Grids Unstructured Grids Grid Quality Grid Quality Immersed Boundary Grid Generation Immersed Boundary Grid Generation Grid Independence Grid Independence
263	Boundary Conditions for Computational Fluid Dynamics Boundary Conditions for Computational Fluid Dynamics Inlet Boundary Conditions Inlet Boundary Conditions
264	Outlet Boundary Conditions Outlet Boundary Conditions Wall/Surface Boundary Conditions Wall/Surface Boundary Conditions
265	Symmetry Surface Boundary Conditions Symmetry Surface Boundary Conditions
266	Fixed Sources and Sinks Fixed Sources and Sinks Modeling Considerations Modeling Considerations CFD Modeling Approaches CFD Modeling Approaches Planning Planning Dimensional Accuracy and Faithfulness to Details Dimensional Accuracy and Faithfulness to Details CFD Simulation Steps CFD Simulation Steps Verification, Validation, and Reporting Results Verification, Validation, and Reporting Results
267	Verification Verification
269	Validation Validation
270	Reporting CFD Results Reporting CFD Results
271	Multizone Network Airflow and Contaminant Transport Modeling Multizone Network Airflow and Contaminant Transport Modeling Multizone Airflow Modeling Multizone Airflow Modeling Theory Theory
272	Solution Techniques Solution Techniques
273	Contaminant Transport Modeling Contaminant Transport Modeling Fundamentals Fundamentals Solution Techniques Solution Techniques Multizone Modeling Approaches Multizone Modeling Approaches Simulation Planning Simulation Planning Steps Steps
274	Verification and Validation Verification and Validation Analytical Verification Analytical Verification
275	Intermodel Comparison Intermodel Comparison Empirical Validation Empirical Validation
277	Symbols Symbols
278	References References
280	Bibliography Bibliography
282	I-P_F09_Ch14 I-P_F09_Ch14 Climatic Design Conditions Climatic Design Conditions Annual Design Conditions Annual Design Conditions
284	Monthly Design Conditions Monthly Design Conditions
285	Data Sources Data Sources Calculation of Design Conditions Calculation of Design Conditions
286	Differences from Previously Published Design Conditions Differences from Previously Published Design Conditions Applicability and Characteristics of Design Conditions Applicability and Characteristics of Design Conditions
288	Calculating clear-sky solar radiation Calculating clear-sky solar radiation Solar Constant and Extraterrestrial Solar Radiation Solar Constant and Extraterrestrial Solar Radiation Equation of Time and Solar Time Equation of Time and Solar Time
289	Declination Declination Sun Position Sun Position
290	Air Mass Air Mass Clear-Sky Solar Radiation Clear-Sky Solar Radiation Transposition to Receiving Surfaces of Various Orientations Transposition to Receiving Surfaces of Various Orientations
291	Solar Angles Related to Receiving Surfaces Solar Angles Related to Receiving Surfaces Calculation of Clear-Sky Solar Irradiance Incident On Receiving Surface Calculation of Clear-Sky Solar Irradiance Incident On Receiving Surface
292	Generating Design-Day Data Generating Design-Day Data Estimation of Degree-Days Estimation of Degree-Days Monthly Degree-Days Monthly Degree-Days
293	Annual Degree-Days Annual Degree-Days Representativeness of Data and Sources of Uncertainty Representativeness of Data and Sources of Uncertainty Representativeness of Data Representativeness of Data
294	Uncertainty from Variation in Length of Record Uncertainty from Variation in Length of Record Effects of Climate Change Effects of Climate Change
295	Episodes Exceeding the Design Dry-Bulb Temperature Episodes Exceeding the Design Dry-Bulb Temperature
296	Other Sources of Climatic Information Other Sources of Climatic Information Joint Frequency Tables of Psychrometric Conditions Joint Frequency Tables of Psychrometric Conditions Degree Days and Climate Normals Degree Days and Climate Normals
297	Typical Year Data Sets Typical Year Data Sets Sequences of Extreme Temperature and Humidity Durations Sequences of Extreme Temperature and Humidity Durations Global Weather Data Source Web Page Global Weather Data Source Web Page Observational Data Sets Observational Data Sets References References
298	Bibliography Bibliography
299	I-P_F09_Ch15 I-P_F09_Ch15 Fenestration Components Fenestration Components Glazing Units Glazing Units
300	Framing Framing Shading Shading Determining Fenestration Energy Flow Determining Fenestration Energy Flow
302	U-Factor (Thermal Transmittance) U-Factor (Thermal Transmittance) Determining Fenestration U-Factors Determining Fenestration U-Factors Center-of-Glass U-Factor Center-of-Glass U-Factor Edge-of-Glass U-Factor Edge-of-Glass U-Factor
303	Frame U-Factor Frame U-Factor Curtain Wall Construction Curtain Wall Construction Surface and Cavity Heat Transfer Coefficients Surface and Cavity Heat Transfer Coefficients
310	Representative U-Factors for Doors Representative U-Factors for Doors
311	Solar Heat Gain and Visible Transmittance Solar Heat Gain and Visible Transmittance Solar-Optical Properties of Glazing Solar-Optical Properties of Glazing Optical Properties of Single Glazing Layers Optical Properties of Single Glazing Layers
313	Optical Properties of Glazing Systems Optical Properties of Glazing Systems
315	Solar Heat Gain Coefficient Solar Heat Gain Coefficient Calculation of Solar Heat Gain Coefficient Calculation of Solar Heat Gain Coefficient
316	Diffuse Radiation Diffuse Radiation Solar Gain Through Frame and Other Opaque Elements Solar Gain Through Frame and Other Opaque Elements Solar Heat Gain Coefficient, Visible Transmittance, and Spectrally Averaged Solar-Optical Property Values Solar Heat Gain Coefficient, Visible Transmittance, and Spectrally Averaged Solar-Optical Property Values
317	Airflow Windows Airflow Windows Skylights Skylights Glass Block Walls Glass Block Walls
326	Plastic Materials for Glazing Plastic Materials for Glazing Calculation of Solar Heat Gain Calculation of Solar Heat Gain
327	Opaque Fenestration Elements Opaque Fenestration Elements Shading and Fenestration Attachments Shading and Fenestration Attachments Shading Shading Roof Overhangs: Horizontal and Vertical Projections Roof Overhangs: Horizontal and Vertical Projections
328	Fenestration Attachments Fenestration Attachments
329	Simplified Methodology Simplified Methodology Slat-Type Sunshades Slat-Type Sunshades
330	Drapery Drapery
331	Roller Shades and Insect Screens Roller Shades and Insect Screens
347	Visual and Thermal Controls Visual and Thermal Controls Operational Effectiveness of Shading Devices Operational Effectiveness of Shading Devices Indoor Shading Devices Indoor Shading Devices Double Drapery Double Drapery
348	Air Leakage Air Leakage Infiltration Through Fenestration Infiltration Through Fenestration Indoor Air Movement Indoor Air Movement
349	Daylighting Daylighting Daylight Prediction Daylight Prediction
350	Light Transmittance and Daylight Use Light Transmittance and Daylight Use
352	Selecting Fenestration Selecting Fenestration Annual Energy Performance Annual Energy Performance Simplified Techniques for Rough Estimates of Fenestration Annual Energy Performance Simplified Techniques for Rough Estimates of Fenestration Annual Energy Performance Simplified Residential Annual Energy Performance Ratings Simplified Residential Annual Energy Performance Ratings Condensation Resistance Condensation Resistance
354	Occupant Comfort and Acceptance Occupant Comfort and Acceptance
355	Sound Reduction Sound Reduction Strength and Safety Strength and Safety
356	Life-Cycle Costs Life-Cycle Costs Durability Durability Supply and Exhaust Airflow Windows Supply and Exhaust Airflow Windows
357	Codes and Standards Codes and Standards National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC) National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC) United States Energy Policy Act (EPAct) United States Energy Policy Act (EPAct) The ICC 2006 International Energy Conservation Code The ICC 2006 International Energy Conservation Code ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2007 ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2007 ASHRAE/USGBC/IESNA Draft Standard 189.1P ASHRAE/USGBC/IESNA Draft Standard 189.1P
358	Canadian Standards Association (CSA) Canadian Standards Association (CSA) Symbols Symbols References References
361	I-P_F09_Ch16 I-P_F09_Ch16 Sustainability Rating Systems Sustainability Rating Systems Basic Concepts and Terminology Basic Concepts and Terminology Ventilation and Infiltration Ventilation and Infiltration
362	Ventilation Air Ventilation Air Forced-Air Distribution Systems Forced-Air Distribution Systems Outside Air Fraction Outside Air Fraction
363	Room Air Movement Room Air Movement Air Exchange Rate Air Exchange Rate
364	Time Constants Time Constants Averaging Time-Varying Ventilation Averaging Time-Varying Ventilation Age of Air Age of Air
365	Air Change Effectiveness Air Change Effectiveness Tracer Gas Measurements Tracer Gas Measurements Decay or Growth Decay or Growth
366	Constant Concentration Constant Concentration Constant Injection Constant Injection Multizone Air Exchange Measurement Multizone Air Exchange Measurement Driving Mechanisms for Ventilation and Infiltration Driving Mechanisms for Ventilation and Infiltration Stack Pressure Stack Pressure
367	Wind Pressure Wind Pressure
368	Mechanical Systems Mechanical Systems Combining Driving Forces Combining Driving Forces
369	Neutral Pressure Level Neutral Pressure Level Thermal Draft Coefficient Thermal Draft Coefficient
370	Indoor Air Quality Indoor Air Quality
371	Protection from Extraordinary Events Protection from Extraordinary Events Thermal Loads Thermal Loads
372	Effect on Envelope Insulation Effect on Envelope Insulation Infiltration Degree-Days Infiltration Degree-Days Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation Natural Ventilation Openings Natural Ventilation Openings
373	Ceiling Heights Ceiling Heights Required Flow for Indoor Temperature Control Required Flow for Indoor Temperature Control Airflow Through Large Intentional Openings Airflow Through Large Intentional Openings Flow Caused by Wind Only Flow Caused by Wind Only Flow Caused by Thermal Forces Only Flow Caused by Thermal Forces Only
374	Natural Ventilation Guidelines Natural Ventilation Guidelines Hybrid Ventilation Hybrid Ventilation Residential Air Leakage Residential Air Leakage Envelope Leakage Measurement Envelope Leakage Measurement
375	Airtightness Ratings Airtightness Ratings Conversion Between Ratings Conversion Between Ratings Building Air Leakage Data Building Air Leakage Data
376	Air Leakage of Building Components Air Leakage of Building Components Leakage Distribution Leakage Distribution
377	Multifamily Building Leakage Multifamily Building Leakage Controlling Air Leakage Controlling Air Leakage Residential Ventilation Residential Ventilation
379	Residential Ventilation Zones Residential Ventilation Zones Shelter in Place Shelter in Place Safe Havens Safe Havens Residential Ventilation and IAQ Control Requirements Residential Ventilation and IAQ Control Requirements
380	Source Control Source Control Local Exhaust Local Exhaust
381	Whole-House Ventilation Whole-House Ventilation Air Distribution Air Distribution Selection Principles for Residential Ventilation Systems Selection Principles for Residential Ventilation Systems
382	Simplified Models of Residential Ventilation and Infiltration Simplified Models of Residential Ventilation and Infiltration Empirical Models Empirical Models Multizone Models Multizone Models Single-Zone Models Single-Zone Models Superposition of Wind and Stack Effects Superposition of Wind and Stack Effects
383	Residential Calculation Examples Residential Calculation Examples
384	Combining Residential Infiltration and Mechanical Ventilation Combining Residential Infiltration and Mechanical Ventilation
385	Commercial and Institutional Air Leakage Commercial and Institutional Air Leakage Commercial Building Envelope Leakage Commercial Building Envelope Leakage Air Leakage Through Internal Partitions Air Leakage Through Internal Partitions
386	Air Leakage Through Exterior Doors Air Leakage Through Exterior Doors Air Leakage Through Automatic Doors Air Leakage Through Automatic Doors
387	Air Exchange Through Air Curtains Air Exchange Through Air Curtains Commercial and Institutional Ventilation Commercial and Institutional Ventilation
388	Ventilation Rate Procedure Ventilation Rate Procedure Survey of Ventilation Rates in Office Buildings Survey of Ventilation Rates in Office Buildings Office Building Example Office Building Example Location Location Building Building Occupancy Occupancy
389	Infiltration Infiltration Local Exhausts Local Exhausts
390	Ventilation Ventilation
391	Symbols Symbols References References
396	Bibliography Bibliography
397	I-P_F09_Ch17 I-P_F09_Ch17 Residential Features Residential Features Calculation Approach Calculation Approach
398	Other Methods Other Methods Residential Heat Balance (RHB) Method Residential Heat Balance (RHB) Method Residential Load Factor (RLF) Method Residential Load Factor (RLF) Method
399	Common Data and Procedures Common Data and Procedures General Guidelines General Guidelines Basic Relationships Basic Relationships Design Conditions Design Conditions
400	Building Data Building Data
401	Load Components Load Components
404	Cooling Load Cooling Load Peak Load Computation Peak Load Computation Opaque Surfaces Opaque Surfaces Slab Floors Slab Floors
405	Transparent Fenestration Surfaces Transparent Fenestration Surfaces
406	Infiltration and Ventilation Infiltration and Ventilation Internal Gain Internal Gain Air Distribution System: Heat Gain Air Distribution System: Heat Gain Total Latent Load Total Latent Load
407	Summary of RLF Cooling Load Equations Summary of RLF Cooling Load Equations Heating Load Heating Load Exterior Surfaces Above Grade Exterior Surfaces Above Grade Below-Grade and On-Grade Surfaces Below-Grade and On-Grade Surfaces Surfaces Adjacent to Buffer Space Surfaces Adjacent to Buffer Space
408	Ventilation and Infiltration Ventilation and Infiltration Humidification Humidification Pickup Load Pickup Load Summary of Heating Load Procedures Summary of Heating Load Procedures Load Calculation Example Load Calculation Example Solution Solution
410	Symbols Symbols
411	References References
412	Bibliography Bibliography
413	I-P_F09_Ch18 I-P_F09_Ch18 Cooling Load Calculation Principles Cooling Load Calculation Principles Terminology Terminology Heat Flow Rates Heat Flow Rates
414	Time Delay Effect Time Delay Effect Cooling Load Calculation Methods Cooling Load Calculation Methods Cooling Load Calculations in Practice Cooling Load Calculations in Practice
415	Data Assembly Data Assembly Internal Heat Gains Internal Heat Gains People People Lighting Lighting Instantaneous Heat Gain from Lighting Instantaneous Heat Gain from Lighting
418	Electric Motors Electric Motors Overloading or Underloading Overloading or Underloading Radiation and Convection Radiation and Convection Appliances Appliances
419	Cooking Appliances Cooking Appliances
420	Hospital and Laboratory Equipment Hospital and Laboratory Equipment Office Equipment Office Equipment
423	Infiltration and Moisture Migration Heat Gains Infiltration and Moisture Migration Heat Gains Infiltration Infiltration
425	Standard Air Volumes Standard Air Volumes Heat Gain Calculations Using Standard Air Values Heat Gain Calculations Using Standard Air Values
426	Latent Heat Gain from Moisture Diffusion Latent Heat Gain from Moisture Diffusion Other Latent Loads Other Latent Loads Fenestration Heat Gain Fenestration Heat Gain Fenestration Direct Solar , Diffuse Solar , and Conductive Heat Gains Fenestration Direct Solar , Diffuse Solar , and Conductive Heat Gains
427	Exterior Shading Exterior Shading Heat Balance Method Heat Balance Method Assumptions Assumptions Elements Elements Outside-Face Heat Balance Outside-Face Heat Balance
428	Wall Conduction Process Wall Conduction Process Inside-Face Heat Balance Inside-Face Heat Balance
429	Using SHGC to Calculate Solar Heat Gain Using SHGC to Calculate Solar Heat Gain
430	Air Heat Balance Air Heat Balance General Zone for Load Calculation General Zone for Load Calculation
431	Mathematical Description Mathematical Description Conduction Process Conduction Process Heat Balance Equations Heat Balance Equations Overall HB Iterative Solution Overall HB Iterative Solution
432	Input Required Input Required Radiant Time Series (RTS) Method Radiant Time Series (RTS) Method
433	Assumptions and Principles Assumptions and Principles Overview Overview
434	RTS Procedure RTS Procedure Heat Gain Through Exterior Surfaces Heat Gain Through Exterior Surfaces Sol-Air Temperature Sol-Air Temperature
435	Calculating Conductive Heat Gain Using Conduction Time Series Calculating Conductive Heat Gain Using Conduction Time Series
437	Heat Gain Through Interior Surfaces Heat Gain Through Interior Surfaces Floors Floors
438	Calculating Cooling Load Calculating Cooling Load
440	Heating Load Calculations Heating Load Calculations
442	Heat Loss Calculations Heat Loss Calculations Outdoor Design Conditions Outdoor Design Conditions Indoor Design Conditions Indoor Design Conditions Calculation of Transmission Heat Losses Calculation of Transmission Heat Losses
444	Infiltration Infiltration Heating Safety Factors and Load Allowances Heating Safety Factors and Load Allowances Other Heating Considerations Other Heating Considerations System Heating and Cooling Load Effects System Heating and Cooling Load Effects Zoning Zoning
445	Ventilation Ventilation Air Heat Transport Systems Air Heat Transport Systems On/Off Control Systems On/Off Control Systems Variable-Air-Volume Systems Variable-Air-Volume Systems Constant-Air-Volume Reheat Systems Constant-Air-Volume Reheat Systems Mixed Air Systems Mixed Air Systems Heat Gain from Fans Heat Gain from Fans
446	Duct Surface Heat Transfer Duct Surface Heat Transfer Duct Leakage Duct Leakage Ceiling Return Air Plenum Temperatures Ceiling Return Air Plenum Temperatures
447	Ceiling Plenums with Ducted Returns Ceiling Plenums with Ducted Returns Floor Plenum Distribution Systems Floor Plenum Distribution Systems Plenums in Load Calculations Plenums in Load Calculations Central Plant Central Plant Piping Piping
448	Pumps Pumps Example Cooling and Heating Load Calculations Example Cooling and Heating Load Calculations Single-Room Example Single-Room Example Room Characteristics Room Characteristics Cooling Loads Using RTS Method Cooling Loads Using RTS Method
456	Single-Room Example Peak Heating Load Single-Room Example Peak Heating Load
457	Whole-Building Example Whole-Building Example Design Process and Shell Building Definition Design Process and Shell Building Definition
458	Tenant Fit Design Process and Definition Tenant Fit Design Process and Definition
459	Room by Room Cooling and Heating Loads Room by Room Cooling and Heating Loads
460	Conclusions Conclusions
461	Previous Cooling Load Calculation Methods Previous Cooling Load Calculation Methods References References
464	Bibliography Bibliography
467	Building Example Drawings Building Example Drawings
475	I-P_F09_Ch19 I-P_F09_Ch19 General Considerations General Considerations Models and Approaches Models and Approaches Characteristics of Models Characteristics of Models Forward Models Forward Models
476	Data-Driven Models Data-Driven Models
477	Choosing an Analysis Method Choosing an Analysis Method Selecting Energy Analysis Computer Programs Selecting Energy Analysis Computer Programs Tools for Energy Analysis Tools for Energy Analysis Component Modeling and Loads Component Modeling and Loads Calculating Space Sensible Loads Calculating Space Sensible Loads
478	Heat Balance Method Heat Balance Method
479	Weighting-Factor Method Weighting-Factor Method
480	Normalized Coefficients of Space Air Transfer Functions Normalized Coefficients of Space Air Transfer Functions Thermal-Network Methods Thermal-Network Methods
481	Ground Heat Transfer Ground Heat Transfer Simplified Calculation Method for Slab Foundations and Basements Simplified Calculation Method for Slab Foundations and Basements
483	Secondary System Components Secondary System Components Fans, Pumps, and Distribution Systems Fans, Pumps, and Distribution Systems
484	Heat and Mass Transfer Components Heat and Mass Transfer Components
485	Application to Cooling and Dehumidifying Coils Application to Cooling and Dehumidifying Coils
486	Primary System Components Primary System Components Modeling Strategies Modeling Strategies
488	Boiler Model Boiler Model
489	Vapor Compression Chiller Models Vapor Compression Chiller Models
490	Cooling Tower Model Cooling Tower Model
491	System Modeling System Modeling Overall Modeling Strategies Overall Modeling Strategies Degree-Day and Bin Methods Degree-Day and Bin Methods
492	Balance Point Temperature Balance Point Temperature Annual Degree-Day Method Annual Degree-Day Method
494	Monthly Degree-Days Monthly Degree-Days
495	Bin Method Bin Method
496	Correlation Methods Correlation Methods Simulating Secondary and Primary Systems Simulating Secondary and Primary Systems
497	Modeling of System Controls Modeling of System Controls Integration of System Models Integration of System Models
498	Data-Driven Modeling Data-Driven Modeling Categories of Data-Driven Methods Categories of Data-Driven Methods Empirical or “Black-Box” Approach Empirical or “Black-Box” Approach Calibrated Simulation Approach Calibrated Simulation Approach
499	Gray-Box Approach Gray-Box Approach Types of Data-Driven Models Types of Data-Driven Models Steady-State Models Steady-State Models
503	Dynamic Models Dynamic Models
504	Examples Using Data-Driven Methods Examples Using Data-Driven Methods Modeling Utility Bill Data Modeling Utility Bill Data Neural Network Models Neural Network Models
505	Model Selection Model Selection MODEL VALIDATION AND TESTING MODEL VALIDATION AND TESTING
506	Methodological Basis Methodological Basis External Error Types External Error Types Internal Error Types Internal Error Types
507	Summary of Previous Testing and Validation Work Summary of Previous Testing and Validation Work References References
511	Bibliography Bibliography
515	I-P_F09_Ch20 I-P_F09_Ch20 Indoor Air Quality and Sustainability Indoor Air Quality and Sustainability
516	Applicable Standards and Codes Applicable Standards and Codes Terminology Terminology
517	Principles of Jet Behavior Principles of Jet Behavior Air Jet Fundamentals Air Jet Fundamentals
520	Isothermal Radial Flow Jets Isothermal Radial Flow Jets Nonisothermal Jets Nonisothermal Jets Nonisothermal Horizontal Free Jet Nonisothermal Horizontal Free Jet Comparison of Free Jet to Attached Jet Comparison of Free Jet to Attached Jet Surface Jets (Wall and Ceiling) Surface Jets (Wall and Ceiling)
521	Multiple Jets Multiple Jets Airflow in Occupied Zone Airflow in Occupied Zone System Design System Design Mixed-Air Systems Mixed-Air Systems Outlet Types Outlet Types
523	Outlet Selection and Location Outlet Selection and Location
525	Inlet Selection and Location Inlet Selection and Location Ceiling-Based Air Diffusion Ceiling-Based Air Diffusion
526	System Performance Evaluation System Performance Evaluation
528	Fully Stratified Systems Fully Stratified Systems Convective Flows Associated with Space Heat Sources Convective Flows Associated with Space Heat Sources Characteristics of Thermal Plumes Characteristics of Thermal Plumes
529	Vertical temperature Distribution Vertical temperature Distribution
530	Contaminant Distribution Contaminant Distribution Design Methods Design Methods Ventilation and Heating Ventilation and Heating Outlet Types Outlet Types
531	Outlet Selection and Location Outlet Selection and Location Return Inlet Selection and Location Return Inlet Selection and Location System Performance Evaluation System Performance Evaluation Partially Mixed Systems Partially Mixed Systems
532	Lower (Mixed) Zone Lower (Mixed) Zone Stratified Zone Stratified Zone Upper (Mixed) Zone Upper (Mixed) Zone Temperature Near Floor Temperature Near Floor Stratification Height Stratification Height
533	Controlling Stratification Controlling Stratification Heating Systems Heating Systems Outlets Types Outlets Types Outlet Selection and Location Outlet Selection and Location Return Inlet Selection and Location Return Inlet Selection and Location
534	System Performance Evaluation System Performance Evaluation Task/Ambient Conditioning (TAC) Task/Ambient Conditioning (TAC) Symbols Symbols References References
536	Bibliography Bibliography
537	I-P_F09_Ch21 I-P_F09_Ch21 Bernoulli Equation Bernoulli Equation
538	Head and Pressure Head and Pressure Static Pressure Static Pressure Velocity Pressure Velocity Pressure Total Pressure Total Pressure Pressure Measurement Pressure Measurement System Analysis System Analysis
541	Pressure Changes in System Pressure Changes in System
542	Fluid Resistance Fluid Resistance Friction Losses Friction Losses Darcy and Colebrook Equations Darcy and Colebrook Equations Roughness Factors Roughness Factors
543	Friction Chart Friction Chart Noncircular Ducts Noncircular Ducts
545	Dynamic Losses Dynamic Losses Local Loss Coefficients Local Loss Coefficients Duct Fitting Database Duct Fitting Database Bends in Flexible Duct Bends in Flexible Duct
547	Ductwork Sectional Losses Ductwork Sectional Losses Darcy-Weisbach Equation Darcy-Weisbach Equation Fan/System Interface Fan/System Interface Fan Inlet and Outlet Conditions Fan Inlet and Outlet Conditions Fan System Effect Coefficients Fan System Effect Coefficients
549	Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing Considerations Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing Considerations Duct System Design Duct System Design Design Considerations Design Considerations Space Pressure Relationships Space Pressure Relationships Fire and Smoke Management Fire and Smoke Management
550	Duct Insulation Duct Insulation Duct System Leakage Duct System Leakage
551	System Component Design Velocities System Component Design Velocities
552	System and Duct Noise System and Duct Noise Testing and Balancing Testing and Balancing Duct Design Methods Duct Design Methods Equal-Friction Method Equal-Friction Method Static Regain Method Static Regain Method
553	T-Method T-Method Balancing Dampers Balancing Dampers Constant-Volume (CV) Systems Constant-Volume (CV) Systems Variable-Air-Volume (VAV) Systems Variable-Air-Volume (VAV) Systems
554	HVAC Duct Design Procedures HVAC Duct Design Procedures
555	Industrial Exhaust System Duct Design Industrial Exhaust System Duct Design
557	References References
562	Fitting Loss Coefficients Fitting Loss Coefficients Round Fittings Round Fittings
588	Rectangular Fittings Rectangular Fittings
605	I-P_F09_Ch22 I-P_F09_Ch22 Pressure Drop Equations Pressure Drop Equations Darcy-Weisbach Equation Darcy-Weisbach Equation Hazen-Williams Equation Hazen-Williams Equation Valve and Fitting Losses Valve and Fitting Losses
608	Losses in Multiple Fittings Losses in Multiple Fittings Calculating Pressure Losses Calculating Pressure Losses
609	Water Piping Water Piping Flow Rate Limitations Flow Rate Limitations Noise Generation Noise Generation Erosion Erosion Allowances for Aging Allowances for Aging
610	Water Hammer Water Hammer Other Considerations Other Considerations Other Piping Materials and Fluids Other Piping Materials and Fluids Hydronic System Piping Hydronic System Piping Range of Usage of Pressure Drop Charts Range of Usage of Pressure Drop Charts Air Separation Air Separation
612	Valve and Fitting Pressure Drop Valve and Fitting Pressure Drop Service Water Piping Service Water Piping
615	Plastic Pipe Plastic Pipe Procedure for Sizing Cold Water Systems Procedure for Sizing Cold Water Systems
616	Steam Piping Steam Piping Pipe Sizes Pipe Sizes
617	Sizing Charts Sizing Charts Low-Pressure Steam Piping Low-Pressure Steam Piping High-Pressure Steam Piping High-Pressure Steam Piping Use of Basic and Velocity Multiplier Charts Use of Basic and Velocity Multiplier Charts Steam Condensate Systems Steam Condensate Systems Two-Pipe Systems Two-Pipe Systems
623	One-Pipe Systems One-Pipe Systems
624	Gas Piping Gas Piping
625	Fuel Oil Piping Fuel Oil Piping
626	Pipe Sizes for Heavy Oil Pipe Sizes for Heavy Oil References References
629	I-P_F09_Ch23 I-P_F09_Ch23 Design Considerations Design Considerations Energy Conservation Energy Conservation Economic Thickness Economic Thickness
630	Personnel Protection Personnel Protection
631	Condensation Control Condensation Control Freeze Prevention Freeze Prevention
632	Noise Control Noise Control
633	Fire Safety Fire Safety
634	Corrosion Under Insulation Corrosion Under Insulation
635	Materials and Systems Materials and Systems Categories of Insulation Materials Categories of Insulation Materials Physical Properties of Insulation Materials Physical Properties of Insulation Materials
636	Weather Protection Weather Protection
637	Vapor Retarders Vapor Retarders
638	Installation Installation Pipe Insulation Pipe Insulation
640	Tanks, Vessels, and Equipment Tanks, Vessels, and Equipment Ducts Ducts
643	Design Data Design Data Estimating Heat Loss and Gain Estimating Heat Loss and Gain Controlling Surface Temperatures Controlling Surface Temperatures
645	Project Specifications Project Specifications
646	Standards Standards
647	References References
649	I-P_F09_Ch24 I-P_F09_Ch24 Flow Patterns Flow Patterns
651	Wind Pressure on Buildings Wind Pressure on Buildings Local Wind Pressure Coefficients Local Wind Pressure Coefficients
652	Surface-Averaged Wall Pressures Surface-Averaged Wall Pressures Roof Pressures Roof Pressures
653	Interference and Shielding Effects on Pressures Interference and Shielding Effects on Pressures
654	Sources of Wind Data Sources of Wind Data Estimating Wind at Sites Remote from Recording Stations Estimating Wind at Sites Remote from Recording Stations
655	Wind Effects on System Operation Wind Effects on System Operation Natural and Mechanical Ventilation Natural and Mechanical Ventilation
657	Minimizing Wind Effect on System Volume Minimizing Wind Effect on System Volume Chemical Hood Operation Chemical Hood Operation Building Pressure Balance and Internal Flow Control Building Pressure Balance and Internal Flow Control Pressure Balance Pressure Balance Internal Flow Control Internal Flow Control Physical and Computational Modeling Physical and Computational Modeling Computational Modeling Computational Modeling
658	Physical Modeling Physical Modeling
659	Similarity Requirements Similarity Requirements Wind Simulation Facilities Wind Simulation Facilities Designing Model Test Programs Designing Model Test Programs
660	Symbols Symbols References References
662	Bibliography Bibliography
663	I-P_F09_Ch25 I-P_F09_Ch25 Terminology and Symbols Terminology and Symbols Heat Heat
664	Air Air Moisture Moisture Environmental Hygrothermal Loads Environmental Hygrothermal Loads Ambient Temperature and Humidity Ambient Temperature and Humidity
665	Solar Radiation Solar Radiation Exterior Condensation Exterior Condensation Wind-Driven Rain Wind-Driven Rain
666	Construction Moisture Construction Moisture Ground- and Surface Water Ground- and Surface Water Air Pressure Differentials Air Pressure Differentials Heat Transfer Heat Transfer
667	Steady-State Thermal Response Steady-State Thermal Response Thermal Resistance of a Flat Assembly Thermal Resistance of a Flat Assembly
668	Combined Convective and Radiative Surface Transfer Combined Convective and Radiative Surface Transfer Heat Flow Across an Air Space Heat Flow Across an Air Space Total Thermal Resistance of a Flat Building Assembly Total Thermal Resistance of a Flat Building Assembly
669	Thermal Transmittance of a Flat Building Assembly Thermal Transmittance of a Flat Building Assembly Interface Temperatures in a Flat Building Component Interface Temperatures in a Flat Building Component Series and Parallel Heat Flow Paths Series and Parallel Heat Flow Paths Thermal Bridges and Whole-Assembly Thermal Transmittance Thermal Bridges and Whole-Assembly Thermal Transmittance Transient Thermal Response Transient Thermal Response Airflow Airflow
670	Water Vapor Flow by Air Movement Water Vapor Flow by Air Movement Heat Flux with Airflow Heat Flux with Airflow Moisture Transfer Moisture Transfer Moisture Storage in Building Materials Moisture Storage in Building Materials
672	Moisture Flow Mechanisms Moisture Flow Mechanisms Water Vapor Flow by Diffusion Water Vapor Flow by Diffusion Water Flow by Capillary Suction Water Flow by Capillary Suction
673	Liquid Flow at Low Moisture Content Liquid Flow at Low Moisture Content
674	Transient Moisture Flow Transient Moisture Flow Combined Heat, Air , and Moisture Transfer Combined Heat, Air , and Moisture Transfer Simplified Hygrothermal Design Calculations and Analyses Simplified Hygrothermal Design Calculations and Analyses Surface Humidity and Condensation Surface Humidity and Condensation
675	Interstitial Condensation and Drying Interstitial Condensation and Drying Dew-Point Methods Dew-Point Methods Transient Computational Analysis Transient Computational Analysis
676	Criteria to Evaluate Hygrothermal Simulation Results Criteria to Evaluate Hygrothermal Simulation Results Thermal Comfort Thermal Comfort Perceived Air Quality Perceived Air Quality Human Health Human Health Durability of Finishes and Structure Durability of Finishes and Structure
677	Energy Efficiency Energy Efficiency References References
679	I-P_F09_Ch26 I-P_F09_Ch26 Thermal Properties Thermal Properties Air Spaces Air Spaces Surface Resistances Surface Resistances Air Cavities Air Cavities
680	Building and Thermal Insulation Materials Building and Thermal Insulation Materials Thermal Insulation Materials Thermal Insulation Materials
682	Basic Materials Basic Materials Physical Structure and Form Physical Structure and Form Apparent Thermal Conductivity Apparent Thermal Conductivity
689	Mechanical Properties Mechanical Properties Health and Safety Health and Safety
690	Acoustics Acoustics Other Properties Other Properties Building Materials Building Materials Property Data Property Data Soils Soils
691	Air Transmission and Hygric Properties Air Transmission and Hygric Properties Air Barriers and Water Vapor Retarders Air Barriers and Water Vapor Retarders Air Barriers Air Barriers
692	Vapor Retarders Vapor Retarders Functions and Properties Functions and Properties
693	Classifications Classifications Air Transmission and Water Vapor Property Data Air Transmission and Water Vapor Property Data Moisture Storage Data Moisture Storage Data
696	Codes and Standards Codes and Standards
697	References References
700	Bibliography Bibliography
701	I-P_F09_Ch27 I-P_F09_Ch27 Heat Transfer Heat Transfer One-Dimensional U-Factor Calculation One-Dimensional U-Factor Calculation Wall U-Factor Wall U-Factor
702	Roof U-Factor Roof U-Factor Attics Attics Basement Walls and Floors Basement Walls and Floors
703	Two-Dimensional U-Factor Calculation Two-Dimensional U-Factor Calculation Wood-Frame Walls Wood-Frame Walls
704	Masonry Walls Masonry Walls Constructions Containing Metal Constructions Containing Metal
705	Zone Method of Calculation Zone Method of Calculation
706	Modified Zone Method for Metal Stud Walls with Insulated Cavities Modified Zone Method for Metal Stud Walls with Insulated Cavities
707	Complex Assemblies Complex Assemblies
708	Windows and Doors Windows and Doors Moisture Transport Moisture Transport Wall or Roof with Insulated Sheathing Wall or Roof with Insulated Sheathing Vapor Pressure Profile (Glaser or Dew-Point) Analysis Vapor Pressure Profile (Glaser or Dew-Point) Analysis
709	Winter Wall Wetting Examples Winter Wall Wetting Examples
711	Transient Hygrothermal Modeling Transient Hygrothermal Modeling
712	Air Movement Air Movement Equivalent Permeance Equivalent Permeance References References
713	Bibliography Bibliography
715	I-P_F09_Ch28 I-P_F09_Ch28 Principles of Combustion Principles of Combustion Combustion Reactions Combustion Reactions Flammability Limits Flammability Limits
716	Table 1 Combustion Reactions of Common Fuel Constituents Table 1 Combustion Reactions of Common Fuel Constituents Table 2 Flammability Limits and Ignition Temperatures of Common Fuels in Fuel/Air Mixtures Table 2 Flammability Limits and Ignition Temperatures of Common Fuels in Fuel/Air Mixtures Ignition Temperature Ignition Temperature Combustion Modes Combustion Modes
717	Heating Value Heating Value Table 3 Heating Values of Substances Occurring in Common Fuels Table 3 Heating Values of Substances Occurring in Common Fuels Altitude Compensation Altitude Compensation
718	Fig. 1 Altitude Effects on Gas Combustion Appliances Fig. 1 Altitude Effects on Gas Combustion Appliances Fig. 1 Altitude Effects on Gas Combustion Appliances Fig. 1 Altitude Effects on Gas Combustion Appliances
719	Fuel Classification Fuel Classification Gaseous Fuels Gaseous Fuels Types and Properties Types and Properties
720	Table 4 Propane/Air and Butane/Air Gas Mixtures Table 4 Propane/Air and Butane/Air Gas Mixtures Liquid Fuels Liquid Fuels Types of Fuel Oils Types of Fuel Oils Characteristics of Fuel Oils Characteristics of Fuel Oils
721	Fig. 2 Approximate Viscosity of Fuel Oils Fig. 2 Approximate Viscosity of Fuel Oils Fig. 2 Approximate Viscosity of Fuel Oils Fig. 2 Approximate Viscosity of Fuel Oils Table 5 Sulfur Content of Marketed Fuel Oils Table 5 Sulfur Content of Marketed Fuel Oils Table 6 Typical API Gravity, Density, and Higher Heating Value of Standard Grades of Fuel Oil Table 6 Typical API Gravity, Density, and Higher Heating Value of Standard Grades of Fuel Oil
722	Types and Properties of Liquid Fuels for Engines Types and Properties of Liquid Fuels for Engines Solid Fuels Solid Fuels Types of Coals Types of Coals Table 7 Classification of Coals by Ranka Table 7 Classification of Coals by Ranka
723	Characteristics of Coal Characteristics of Coal Table 8 Typical Ultimate Analyses for Coals Table 8 Typical Ultimate Analyses for Coals Combustion Calculations Combustion Calculations
724	Air Required for Combustion Air Required for Combustion Table 9 Approximate Air Requirements for Stoichiometric Combustion of Fuels Table 9 Approximate Air Requirements for Stoichiometric Combustion of Fuels
725	Table 10 Approximate Air Requirements for Stoichiometric Combustion of Various Fuels Table 10 Approximate Air Requirements for Stoichiometric Combustion of Various Fuels Table 11 Approximate Maximum Theoretical (Stoichiometric) CO2 Values, and CO2 Values of Various Fuels with Different Percentages of Excess Air Table 11 Approximate Maximum Theoretical (Stoichiometric) CO2 Values, and CO2 Values of Various Fuels with Different Percentages of Excess Air Theoretical CO2 Theoretical CO2 Quantity of Flue Gas Produced Quantity of Flue Gas Produced
726	Water Vapor and Dew Point of Flue Gas Water Vapor and Dew Point of Flue Gas Fig. 3 Water Vapor and Dew Point of Flue Gas Fig. 3 Water Vapor and Dew Point of Flue Gas Fig. 3 Water Vapor and Dew Point of Flue Gas Fig. 3 Water Vapor and Dew Point of Flue Gas Sample Combustion Calculations Sample Combustion Calculations
727	Fig. 4 Theoretical Dew Points of Combustion Products of Industrial Fuels Fig. 4 Theoretical Dew Points of Combustion Products of Industrial Fuels Fig. 4 Theoretical Dew Points of Combustion Products of Industrial Fuels Fig. 4 Theoretical Dew Points of Combustion Products of Industrial Fuels Efficiency Calculations Efficiency Calculations Fig. 5 Influence of Sulfur Oxides on Flue Gas Dew Point Fig. 5 Influence of Sulfur Oxides on Flue Gas Dew Point Fig. 5 Influence of Sulfur Oxides on Flue Gas Dew Point Fig. 5 Influence of Sulfur Oxides on Flue Gas Dew Point
728	Seasonal Efficiency Seasonal Efficiency Combustion Considerations Combustion Considerations Air Pollution Air Pollution
729	Fig. 6 Flue Gas Losses with Various Fuels Fig. 6 Flue Gas Losses with Various Fuels Fig. 6 Flue Gas Losses with Various Fuels Fig. 6 Flue Gas Losses with Various Fuels
730	Table 12 NOx Emission Factors for Combustion Sources Without Emission Controls Table 12 NOx Emission Factors for Combustion Sources Without Emission Controls Condensation and Corrosion Condensation and Corrosion
731	Abnormal Combustion Noise in Gas Appliances Abnormal Combustion Noise in Gas Appliances Soot Soot References References
732	Bibliography Bibliography
733	I-P_F09_Ch29 I-P_F09_Ch29 Refrigerant Properties Refrigerant Properties Global Environmental Properties Global Environmental Properties
736	Physical Properties Physical Properties
737	Electrical Properties Electrical Properties Sound Velocity Sound Velocity
738	Refrigerant Performance Refrigerant Performance
740	Safety Safety Leak Detection Leak Detection Electronic Detection Electronic Detection Bubble Method Bubble Method UV Dye Method UV Dye Method
741	Ammonia Leaks Ammonia Leaks Effect on Construction Materials Effect on Construction Materials Metals Metals Elastomers Elastomers
742	Plastics Plastics References References Bibliography Bibliography
743	I-P_F09_Ch30 I-P_F09_Ch30
744	Refrigerant 12 Refrigerant 12
746	Refrigerant 22 Refrigerant 22
748	Refrigerant 23 Refrigerant 23
750	Refrigerant 32 Refrigerant 32
752	Refrigerant 123 Refrigerant 123
754	Refrigerant 124 Refrigerant 124
756	Refrigerant 125 Refrigerant 125
758	Refrigerant 134a Refrigerant 134a
762	Refrigerant 143a Refrigerant 143a
764	Refrigerant 152a Refrigerant 152a
766	Refrigerant 245fa Refrigerant 245fa
768	Refrigerant 404A Refrigerant 404A
770	Refrigerant 407C Refrigerant 407C
772	Refrigerant 410A Refrigerant 410A
774	Refrigerant 507A Refrigerant 507A
776	Refrigerant 717 (Ammonia) Refrigerant 717 (Ammonia)
778	Refrigerant 718 (Water/Steam) Refrigerant 718 (Water/Steam)
780	Refrigerant 744 (Carbon Dioxide) Refrigerant 744 (Carbon Dioxide)
782	Refrigerant 50 (Methane) Refrigerant 50 (Methane)
784	Refrigerant 170 (Ethane) Refrigerant 170 (Ethane)
786	Refrigerant 290 (Propane) Refrigerant 290 (Propane)
788	Refrigerant 600 (n-Butane) Refrigerant 600 (n-Butane)
790	Refrigerant 600a (Isobutane) Refrigerant 600a (Isobutane)
792	Refrigerant 1150 (Ethylene) Refrigerant 1150 (Ethylene)
794	Refrigerant 1270 (Propylene) Refrigerant 1270 (Propylene)
796	Refrigerant 702 (Normal Hydrogen) Refrigerant 702 (Normal Hydrogen)
798	Refrigerant 702p (Parahydrogen) Refrigerant 702p (Parahydrogen)
800	Refrigerant 704 (Helium) Refrigerant 704 (Helium)
802	Refrigerant 728 (Nitrogen) Refrigerant 728 (Nitrogen)
804	Refrigerant 729 (Air) Refrigerant 729 (Air)
806	Refrigerant 732 (Oxygen) Refrigerant 732 (Oxygen)
808	Refrigerant 740 (Argon) Refrigerant 740 (Argon)
810	Ammonia/Water Solutions Prepared by Kwang Kim and Keith Herold, Center for Environmental Energy Engineering, University of Maryland at College Park Ammonia/Water Solutions Prepared by Kwang Kim and Keith Herold, Center for Environmental Energy Engineering, University of Maryland at College Park
812	Water/Lithium Bromide Solutions Water/Lithium Bromide Solutions
813	Aqueous Lithium Bromide Solutions Aqueous Lithium Bromide Solutions
814	References References
819	I-P_F09_Ch31 I-P_F09_Ch31 Brines Brines Physical Properties Physical Properties
822	Corrosion Inhibition Corrosion Inhibition Inhibited Glycols Inhibited Glycols Physical Properties Physical Properties
829	Corrosion Inhibition Corrosion Inhibition Service Considerations Service Considerations
830	Halocarbons Halocarbons
831	Nonhalocarbon, Nonaqueous Fluids Nonhalocarbon, Nonaqueous Fluids References References Bibliography Bibliography
832	I-P_F09_Ch32 I-P_F09_Ch32 Desiccant Applications Desiccant Applications Desiccant Cycle Desiccant Cycle
834	Types of Desiccants Types of Desiccants Liquid Absorbents Liquid Absorbents
835	Solid Adsorbents Solid Adsorbents
836	Desiccant Isotherms Desiccant Isotherms Desiccant Life Desiccant Life Cosorption of Water Vapor and Indoor Air Contaminants Cosorption of Water Vapor and Indoor Air Contaminants
837	References References Bibliography Bibliography
838	I-P_F09_Ch33 I-P_F09_Ch33
841	References References
842	I-P_F09_Ch34 I-P_F09_Ch34 Characteristics of Energy and Energy Resource Forms Characteristics of Energy and Energy Resource Forms Forms of On-Site Energy Forms of On-Site Energy Nonrenewable and Renewable Energy Resources Nonrenewable and Renewable Energy Resources Characteristics of Fossil Fuels and Electricity Characteristics of Fossil Fuels and Electricity
843	On-Site Energy/Energy Resource Relationships On-Site Energy/Energy Resource Relationships Quantifiable Relationships Quantifiable Relationships Intangible Relationships Intangible Relationships
844	Summary Summary Energy Resource Planning Energy Resource Planning Integrated Resource Planning (IRP) Integrated Resource Planning (IRP) Tradable Emission Credits Tradable Emission Credits
845	Overview of Global Energy Resources Overview of Global Energy Resources World Energy Resources World Energy Resources Production Production Reserves Reserves
846	Consumption Consumption
847	Carbon Emissions Carbon Emissions U.S. Energy Use U.S. Energy Use Per Capita Energy Consumption Per Capita Energy Consumption
848	Projected Overall Energy Consumption Projected Overall Energy Consumption
849	Outlook Summary Outlook Summary U.S. Agencies and Associations U.S. Agencies and Associations References References Bibliography Bibliography
850	I-P_F09_Ch35 I-P_F09_Ch35 Definition Definition Characteristics of Sustainability Characteristics of Sustainability Sustainability Addresses the Future Sustainability Addresses the Future Sustainability Has Many Contributors Sustainability Has Many Contributors Sustainability Is Comprehensive Sustainability Is Comprehensive Technology Plays Only a Partial Role Technology Plays Only a Partial Role
851	Factors Impacting Sustainability Factors Impacting Sustainability Primary HVAC&R Considerations in Sustainable Design Primary HVAC&R Considerations in Sustainable Design Energy Resource Availability Energy Resource Availability Fresh Water Supply Fresh Water Supply
852	Effective and Efficient Use of Energy Resources and Water Effective and Efficient Use of Energy Resources and Water Material Resource Availability and Management Material Resource Availability and Management Air, Noise, and Water Pollution Air, Noise, and Water Pollution Solid and Liquid Waste Disposal Solid and Liquid Waste Disposal Factors Driving Sustainability into Design Practice Factors Driving Sustainability into Design Practice Climate Change Climate Change
853	Regulatory Environment Regulatory Environment Evolving Standards of Care Evolving Standards of Care Changing Design Process Changing Design Process
854	Other Opportunities Other Opportunities Designing for Effective Energy Resource Use Designing for Effective Energy Resource Use Energy Ethic: Resource Conservation Design Principles Energy Ethic: Resource Conservation Design Principles Energy and Power Energy and Power Simplicity Simplicity Self-Imposed Budgets Self-Imposed Budgets Design Process for Energy-Efficient Projects Design Process for Energy-Efficient Projects
855	Building Energy Use Elements Building Energy Use Elements
857	References References Bibliography Bibliography
858	I-P_F09_Ch36 I-P_F09_Ch36 Terminology Terminology
860	Uncertainty Analysis Uncertainty Analysis Uncertainty Sources Uncertainty Sources Uncertainty of a Measured Variable Uncertainty of a Measured Variable
861	Temperature Measurement Temperature Measurement Sampling and Averaging Sampling and Averaging
862	Static Temperature Versus Total Temperature Static Temperature Versus Total Temperature Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers Sources of Thermometer Errors Sources of Thermometer Errors Resistance Thermometers Resistance Thermometers
863	Resistance Temperature Devices Resistance Temperature Devices
864	Thermistors Thermistors Semiconductor Devices Semiconductor Devices Thermocouples Thermocouples
865	Wire Diameter and Composition Wire Diameter and Composition Multiple Thermocouples Multiple Thermocouples
866	Surface Temperature Measurement Surface Temperature Measurement Thermocouple Construction Thermocouple Construction Optical Pyrometry Optical Pyrometry Infrared Radiation Thermometers Infrared Radiation Thermometers Infrared Thermography Infrared Thermography
867	Humidity Measurement Humidity Measurement Psychrometers Psychrometers
868	Dew-Point Hygrometers Dew-Point Hygrometers Condensation Dew-Point Hygrometers Condensation Dew-Point Hygrometers Salt-Phase Heated Hygrometers Salt-Phase Heated Hygrometers Mechanical Hygrometers Mechanical Hygrometers Electrical Impedance and Capacitance Hygrometers Electrical Impedance and Capacitance Hygrometers Dunmore Hygrometers Dunmore Hygrometers
869	Polymer Film Electronic Hygrometers Polymer Film Electronic Hygrometers Ion Exchange Resin Electric Hygrometers Ion Exchange Resin Electric Hygrometers Impedance-Based Porous Ceramic Electronic Hygrometers Impedance-Based Porous Ceramic Electronic Hygrometers Aluminum Oxide Capacitive Sensor Aluminum Oxide Capacitive Sensor Electrolytic Hygrometers Electrolytic Hygrometers Piezoelectric Sorption Piezoelectric Sorption Spectroscopic (Radiation Absorption) Hygrometers Spectroscopic (Radiation Absorption) Hygrometers Gravimetric Hygrometers Gravimetric Hygrometers Calibration Calibration
870	Pressure Measurement Pressure Measurement Units Units Instruments Instruments Pressure Standards Pressure Standards Mechanical Pressure Gages Mechanical Pressure Gages
871	Electromechanical Transducers Electromechanical Transducers General Considerations General Considerations
872	Air Velocity Measurement Air Velocity Measurement Airborne Tracer Techniques Airborne Tracer Techniques Anemometers Anemometers Deflecting Vane Anemometers Deflecting Vane Anemometers Propeller or Revolving (Rotating) Vane Anemometers Propeller or Revolving (Rotating) Vane Anemometers Cup Anemometers Cup Anemometers Thermal Anemometers Thermal Anemometers
874	Laser Doppler Velocimeters (or Anemometers) Laser Doppler Velocimeters (or Anemometers) Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) Pitot-Static Tubes Pitot-Static Tubes Example Calculation Example Calculation
875	Measuring Flow in Ducts Measuring Flow in Ducts
876	Airflow-Measuring Hoods Airflow-Measuring Hoods Flow Rate Measurement Flow Rate Measurement Flow Measurement Methods Flow Measurement Methods Venturi, Nozzle, and Orifice Flowmeters Venturi, Nozzle, and Orifice Flowmeters
878	Variable-Area Flowmeters (Rotameters) Variable-Area Flowmeters (Rotameters) Positive-Displacement Meters Positive-Displacement Meters Turbine Flowmeters Turbine Flowmeters
879	Air Infiltration, Airtightness, and Outdoor Air Ventilation Rate Measurement Air Infiltration, Airtightness, and Outdoor Air Ventilation Rate Measurement
880	Carbon Dioxide Carbon Dioxide Carbon Dioxide Measurement Carbon Dioxide Measurement Nondispersive Infrared CO2 Detectors Nondispersive Infrared CO2 Detectors Calibration Calibration
881	Applications Applications Amperometric Electrochemical CO2 Detectors Amperometric Electrochemical CO2 Detectors Photoacoustic CO2 Detectors Photoacoustic CO2 Detectors Open-Cell Sensors Open-Cell Sensors Closed-Cell Sensors Closed-Cell Sensors Potentiometric Electrochemical CO2 Detectors Potentiometric Electrochemical CO2 Detectors Colorimetric Detector Tubes Colorimetric Detector Tubes
882	Laboratory Measurements Laboratory Measurements Electric Measurement Electric Measurement Ammeters Ammeters Voltmeters Voltmeters Wattmeters Wattmeters Power-Factor Meters Power-Factor Meters Rotative Speed Measurement Rotative Speed Measurement Tachometers Tachometers Stroboscopes Stroboscopes AC Tachometer-Generators AC Tachometer-Generators
884	Sound and Vibration Measurement Sound and Vibration Measurement Sound Measurement Sound Measurement Microphones Microphones Sound Measurement Systems Sound Measurement Systems Frequency Analysis Frequency Analysis Sound Chambers Sound Chambers
885	Calibration Calibration Vibration Measurement Vibration Measurement Transducers Transducers Vibration Measurement Systems Vibration Measurement Systems Calibration Calibration
886	Lighting Measurement Lighting Measurement Thermal Comfort Measurement Thermal Comfort Measurement Clothing and Activity Level Clothing and Activity Level Air Temperature Air Temperature Air Velocity Air Velocity Plane Radiant Temperature Plane Radiant Temperature Mean Radiant Temperature Mean Radiant Temperature
887	Air Humidity Air Humidity Calculating Thermal Comfort Calculating Thermal Comfort Integrating Instruments Integrating Instruments Moisture Content and Transfer Measurement Moisture Content and Transfer Measurement Sorption Isotherm Sorption Isotherm Vapor Permeability Vapor Permeability
888	Liquid Diffusivity Liquid Diffusivity Heat Transfer Through Building Materials Heat Transfer Through Building Materials Thermal Conductivity Thermal Conductivity Thermal Conductance and Resistance Thermal Conductance and Resistance Air Contaminant Measurement Air Contaminant Measurement
889	Combustion Analysis Combustion Analysis Flue Gas Analysis Flue Gas Analysis Data Acquisition and Recording Data Acquisition and Recording Digital Recording Digital Recording
890	Data-Logging Devices Data-Logging Devices Standards Standards
891	Symbols Symbols
892	References References
893	Bibliography Bibliography
894	I-P_F09_Ch37 I-P_F09_Ch37 Abbreviations for Text, Drawings, and Computer Programs Abbreviations for Text, Drawings, and Computer Programs Computer Programs Computer Programs Letter Symbols Letter Symbols
903	Piping System Identification Piping System Identification Definitions Definitions Method of Identification Method of Identification
904	Codes and Standards Codes and Standards
906	I-P_F09_Ch38 I-P_F09_Ch38
908	I-P_F09_Ch39 I-P_F09_Ch39 Selected Codes and Standards Published by Various Societies and Associations (Continued) Selected Codes and Standards Published by Various Societies and Associations (Continued)
933	Organizations Organizations
936	2009INDEX_I-PIX 2009INDEX_I-PIX

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
ASHRAE	2009	975


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Standard Title	2009 ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook
Published Code	ASHRAE
Publication Date	2009
Pages Count	975