ASHRAE 111 08:2008 Edition

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ASHRAE Standard 111-2008 Measurement, Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing of Building HVAC Systems (ANSI Approved)

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ASHRAE	2008	88

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4	FOREWORD FOREWORD 1. PURPOSE 1. PURPOSE 2. SCOPE 2. SCOPE 2.1 This standard applies to building heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems of the air-moving and hydronic types and their associated heat transfer, distribution, refrigeration, electrical power, and control subsystems. 2.1 This standard applies to building heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems of the air-moving and hydronic types and their associated heat transfer, distribution, refrigeration, electrical power, and control subsystems. 2.2 This standard includes 2.2 This standard includes 2.3 This standard establishes 2.3 This standard establishes 2.4 The field data collected and reported under this standard are intended for use by building designers, operators, and users, and by manufacturers and installers of HVAC systems. 2.4 The field data collected and reported under this standard are intended for use by building designers, operators, and users, and by manufacturers and installers of HVAC systems. 3. DEFINITIONS AND SYMBOLS 3. DEFINITIONS AND SYMBOLS
5	4. INSTRUMENTATION 4. INSTRUMENTATION 4.1 Scope. This section covers the required or recommended instrumentation needed to obtain the measurements required for air or fluid system balancing as well as other instruments that are useful or necessary in special situations. 4.1 Scope. This section covers the required or recommended instrumentation needed to obtain the measurements required for air or fluid system balancing as well as other instruments that are useful or necessary in special situations. 4.2 General. Great care should be taken to follow the manufacturers’ instructions and the instructions herein regarding safety in the use of these instruments for field measurements. 4.2 General. Great care should be taken to follow the manufacturers’ instructions and the instructions herein regarding safety in the use of these instruments for field measurements. 4.3 Air-Balancing Instruments 4.3 Air-Balancing Instruments
9	4.4 Fluid Systems Measuring Instruments 4.4 Fluid Systems Measuring Instruments
11	4.5 Other Measuring Instruments for Certain Situations (Air or Fluid Systems) 4.5 Other Measuring Instruments for Certain Situations (Air or Fluid Systems)
17	5. FLOW-MEASURING AND BALANCING DEVICES 5. FLOW-MEASURING AND BALANCING DEVICES 5.1 Scope. This section sets forth the requirements for design, installation, and measurement techniques of permanently installed balancing stations. 5.1 Scope. This section sets forth the requirements for design, installation, and measurement techniques of permanently installed balancing stations. 5.2 Airflow-Measuring Stations. See Figure 2. 5.2 Airflow-Measuring Stations. See Figure 2. 5.3 Air Balancing Devices. See Figures 2 and 4. 5.3 Air Balancing Devices. See Figures 2 and 4. 5.4 Hydronic Balancing and Measurement Stations. See Figures 3 and 5. 5.4 Hydronic Balancing and Measurement Stations. See Figures 3 and 5.
21	5.5 Hydronic Balancing Devices. Valves used for balancing shall be calibrated, include flow-measurement ports, and have a memory stop on the handle. If the valve is used with a flow-measuring station, only the handle memory feature is necessary. 5.5 Hydronic Balancing Devices. Valves used for balancing shall be calibrated, include flow-measurement ports, and have a memory stop on the handle. If the valve is used with a flow-measuring station, only the handle memory feature is necessary. 6. SYSTEM EFFECT 6. SYSTEM EFFECT 6.1 Scope. This section identifies conditions that have adverse effects on system performance and the related testing, adjusting, and balancing. 6.1 Scope. This section identifies conditions that have adverse effects on system performance and the related testing, adjusting, and balancing. 6.2 General. A phenomenon known as “system effect” can create undesirable conditions and cause reduced capacities within all or part of a system. Recognition of system effect can help in the evaluation of systems, in solving equipment performance… 6.2 General. A phenomenon known as “system effect” can create undesirable conditions and cause reduced capacities within all or part of a system. Recognition of system effect can help in the evaluation of systems, in solving equipment performance… 6.3 Air Systems 6.3 Air Systems
24	6.4 Hydronic Systems 6.4 Hydronic Systems
27	7. AIR SYSTEM MEASUREMENTS 7. AIR SYSTEM MEASUREMENTS 7.1 Scope. This section sets forth techniques for the following. 7.1 Scope. This section sets forth techniques for the following. 7.2 General. This section will apply to both new and existing HVAC systems. Certain characteristics describing the system performance can be measured directly, while others must be calculated from the measured data. The methods for determining each t… 7.2 General. This section will apply to both new and existing HVAC systems. Certain characteristics describing the system performance can be measured directly, while others must be calculated from the measured data. The methods for determining each t…
28	7.3 Temperatures 7.3 Temperatures 7.4 Density 7.4 Density
29	7.5 Pressure 7.5 Pressure
31	7.6 Flow Rate 7.6 Flow Rate
35	7.7 Heat Content 7.7 Heat Content
36	7.8 Humidity 7.8 Humidity
37	7.9 Fan-Power Determination 7.9 Fan-Power Determination
38	8. HYDRONIC MEASUREMENTS 8. HYDRONIC MEASUREMENTS 8.1 Scope 8.1 Scope 8.2 General 8.2 General
39	8.3 Temperatures 8.3 Temperatures 8.4 Fluid Properties. 8.4 Fluid Properties.
40	8.5 Pressure 8.5 Pressure 8.6 Flow Rates 8.6 Flow Rates
42	8.7 Pump Tests 8.7 Pump Tests 8.8 Pump Test Procedures 8.8 Pump Test Procedures 9. AIR TESTING, ADJUSTING, AND BALANCING 9. AIR TESTING, ADJUSTING, AND BALANCING 9.1 Scope. This section sets forth requirements for the following. 9.1 Scope. This section sets forth requirements for the following.
43	9.2 General 9.2 General 9.3 System Preparation 9.3 System Preparation 9.4 Air-System Testing and Adjusting. Perform the following tests and adjustments before beginning the air-system balancing: 9.4 Air-System Testing and Adjusting. Perform the following tests and adjustments before beginning the air-system balancing:
44	9.5 Air-System Balancing. Balance the air system by the procedure outlined in Section 9.5.1. 9.5 Air-System Balancing. Balance the air system by the procedure outlined in Section 9.5.1. 9.6 Airside Systems 9.6 Airside Systems
48	9.7 Verification of Control Operation. The performance of the HVAC system’s automatic controls should be inspected and tested in each seasonal mode. In addition, the performance of all life-safety devices and their interface with the HVAC systems sho… 9.7 Verification of Control Operation. The performance of the HVAC system’s automatic controls should be inspected and tested in each seasonal mode. In addition, the performance of all life-safety devices and their interface with the HVAC systems sho…
49	9.8 Thermal-Performance Verification. After performing all previous procedures prescribed by Sections 9.3 through 9.7 and by Sections 10.3 through 10.8 of this standard, the system shall be set to simulate design conditions. Measure and record a comp… 9.8 Thermal-Performance Verification. After performing all previous procedures prescribed by Sections 9.3 through 9.7 and by Sections 10.3 through 10.8 of this standard, the system shall be set to simulate design conditions. Measure and record a comp… 9.9 Outside-Air-Ventilation Verification. After completion of the balancing procedures of Sections 9.3 through 9.7, the system outside air rate should be verified. This is necessary to assure that the design minimum outdoor air is being supplied to t… 9.9 Outside-Air-Ventilation Verification. After completion of the balancing procedures of Sections 9.3 through 9.7, the system outside air rate should be verified. This is necessary to assure that the design minimum outdoor air is being supplied to t… 10. HYDRONIC TESTING AND BALANCING 10. HYDRONIC TESTING AND BALANCING 10.1 Scope 10.1 Scope 10.2 General Requirements. The techniques set forth in this section shall apply to both new and existing systems. Unless otherwise noted, each subsection listed under Section 10 shall apply to all hydronic systems. Any deviation from the procedure se… 10.2 General Requirements. The techniques set forth in this section shall apply to both new and existing systems. Unless otherwise noted, each subsection listed under Section 10 shall apply to all hydronic systems. Any deviation from the procedure se… 10.3 Sequence of Procedures 10.3 Sequence of Procedures 10.4 Test and Balance Procedures 10.4 Test and Balance Procedures
50	10.5 Pump Impeller Size. To determine the pump-head capacity curve for centrifugal pumps, close off the discharge valve on the pump and measure the pressure at the pump inlet and discharge (see Section 8.8 for details). With this information, the pum… 10.5 Pump Impeller Size. To determine the pump-head capacity curve for centrifugal pumps, close off the discharge valve on the pump and measure the pressure at the pump inlet and discharge (see Section 8.8 for details). With this information, the pum… 10.6 Variable Flow Systems. Balance variable flow systems (i.e., the systems with automatic two-position valves) by setting the system to maximum flow through heat exchange terminals and then proceed in accordance with Section 10.4. 10.6 Variable Flow Systems. Balance variable flow systems (i.e., the systems with automatic two-position valves) by setting the system to maximum flow through heat exchange terminals and then proceed in accordance with Section 10.4. 10.7 Primary-Secondary Flow Systems. The primary system has pumps for the primary heat exchangers and the secondary system has pumps for the building terminal units. The secondary pumps will pull water from the primary supply header. The control and … 10.7 Primary-Secondary Flow Systems. The primary system has pumps for the primary heat exchangers and the secondary system has pumps for the building terminal units. The secondary pumps will pull water from the primary supply header. The control and … 10.8 Verification of Control Operation 10.8 Verification of Control Operation 11. EQUIPMENT FIELD TESTING 11. EQUIPMENT FIELD TESTING 11.1 Scope 11.1 Scope
51	11.2 General. Refrigeration, in this section, includes all sources of mechanical cooling, related condensers, and cooling towers. It does not include pumps or water piping. 11.2 General. Refrigeration, in this section, includes all sources of mechanical cooling, related condensers, and cooling towers. It does not include pumps or water piping. 11.3 Refrigeration 11.3 Refrigeration 11.4 Power Measurements 11.4 Power Measurements
52	11.5 Cooling Towers for Water-Cooled Condensers 11.5 Cooling Towers for Water-Cooled Condensers 11.6 Centrifugal and Rotary Screw. Chillers cannot normally be tested at full capacity in field installations due to the lack of control of loads and atmospheric conditions. Testing of chillers in field conditions shall not commence until after the m… 11.6 Centrifugal and Rotary Screw. Chillers cannot normally be tested at full capacity in field installations due to the lack of control of loads and atmospheric conditions. Testing of chillers in field conditions shall not commence until after the m…
53	12. REPORTING PROCEDURES AND FORMS 12. REPORTING PROCEDURES AND FORMS 12.1 Scope. This section sets forth an outline for the reporting procedures and forms that make up the final report of the operating conditions. 12.1 Scope. This section sets forth an outline for the reporting procedures and forms that make up the final report of the operating conditions. 12.2 Reporting 12.2 Reporting 12.3 Form Titles and Entries 12.3 Form Titles and Entries
59	13. COMMISSIONING FOR TEST AND BALANCEs 13. COMMISSIONING FOR TEST AND BALANCEs
60	14. REFERENCES 14. REFERENCES INFORMATIVE APPENDIX A BIBLIOGRAPHY INFORMATIVE APPENDIX A BIBLIOGRAPHY
61	APPENDIX B SAMPLE SPECIFICATION APPENDIX B SAMPLE SPECIFICATION B1. SCHEDULING AND READINESS OF PROJECT B1. SCHEDULING AND READINESS OF PROJECT B1.1 Plans and specifications shall be reviewed prior to the installation or retrofit of any affected systems. A written report shall be submitted indicating any deficiencies in the system that would preclude the proper testing, adjusting, and balanc… B1.1 Plans and specifications shall be reviewed prior to the installation or retrofit of any affected systems. A written report shall be submitted indicating any deficiencies in the system that would preclude the proper testing, adjusting, and balanc… B1.2 Access shall be provided to all work that will be concealed and that will require testing, balancing, and future maintenance. B1.2 Access shall be provided to all work that will be concealed and that will require testing, balancing, and future maintenance. B2. PROJECT OPERATIONAL STATUS INCLUDING STARTUP AND/OR READINESS FOR TESTING AID BALANCING B2. PROJECT OPERATIONAL STATUS INCLUDING STARTUP AND/OR READINESS FOR TESTING AID BALANCING B3. INSTRUMENTATION REQUIREMENTS B3. INSTRUMENTATION REQUIREMENTS B4. INSTALLED flowmeterS AND MEASURING AND BALANCING DEVICES B4. INSTALLED flowmeterS AND MEASURING AND BALANCING DEVICES B5. AIR MEASUREMENTS B5. AIR MEASUREMENTS B6. AIR AND HYDRONIC BALANCING B6. AIR AND HYDRONIC BALANCING B7. REFRIGERATION TESTING B7. REFRIGERATION TESTING B8. REPORTING PROCEDURES AND FORMS B8. REPORTING PROCEDURES AND FORMS B9. VARIANCE FROM BALANCING CRITERIA AND RECOMMENDATIONS B9. VARIANCE FROM BALANCING CRITERIA AND RECOMMENDATIONS B10. VERIFICATION OF CONTROL OPERATION B10. VERIFICATION OF CONTROL OPERATION B11. VERIFICATION OF THERMAL PERFORMANCE B11. VERIFICATION OF THERMAL PERFORMANCE B12. OPPOSITE SEASON THERMAL PERFORMANCE VERIFICATION TEST (OPTIONAL) B12. OPPOSITE SEASON THERMAL PERFORMANCE VERIFICATION TEST (OPTIONAL)
62	INFORMATIVE APPENDIX C SYSTEM EFFECT INFORMATIVE APPENDIX C SYSTEM EFFECT C1. Example (System Effect Factor) C1. Example (System Effect Factor) C2. Example (High Fitting Loss Coefficient) C2. Example (High Fitting Loss Coefficient) C2.1 I-P Units. An average low-pressure duct system might be designed to develop a velocity of 2000 fpm at 2.5 in. wg total pressure in the main supply duct leaving the fan. Find the pressure loss of the fitting found in Figure 8 (the beam/ duct heig… C2.1 I-P Units. An average low-pressure duct system might be designed to develop a velocity of 2000 fpm at 2.5 in. wg total pressure in the main supply duct leaving the fan. Find the pressure loss of the fitting found in Figure 8 (the beam/ duct heig… C2.2 SI Units. An average low-pressure duct system might be designed to develop a velocity of 10.8 m/s at 750 Pa total pressure in the main supply duct leaving the fan. Find the pressure loss of the fitting found in Figure 9 (the beam/duct height rat… C2.2 SI Units. An average low-pressure duct system might be designed to develop a velocity of 10.8 m/s at 750 Pa total pressure in the main supply duct leaving the fan. Find the pressure loss of the fitting found in Figure 9 (the beam/duct height rat… C3. Example (Duct Leakage) C3. Example (Duct Leakage)
63	INFORMATIVE APPENDIX D AIR MEASUREMENTS INFORMATIVE APPENDIX D AIR MEASUREMENTS D1. DETERMINATION OF THE DENSITY OF AIR, GENERAL CASE D1. DETERMINATION OF THE DENSITY OF AIR, GENERAL CASE D1.1 Example. The conditions that exist at the inlet of a fan that is not ducted on the inlet side are tdl = 78°F and tWl = 62°F. Since the inlet of the fan is not ducted, Psl = 0 and P1 (absolute pressure) = Pb. The barometric pressure, Pb, measur… D1.1 Example. The conditions that exist at the inlet of a fan that is not ducted on the inlet side are tdl = 78°F and tWl = 62°F. Since the inlet of the fan is not ducted, Psl = 0 and P1 (absolute pressure) = Pb. The barometric pressure, Pb, measur… D1.2 Example. The conditions at a fan inlet, located at an elevation of 1000 ft above sea level are Psl = –3.45 in. wg. tdl = 85°F and twl = 75°F. Barometric pressure data, obtained from a nearby airport, are 29.82 in. Hg at sea level. D1.2 Example. The conditions at a fan inlet, located at an elevation of 1000 ft above sea level are Psl = –3.45 in. wg. tdl = 85°F and twl = 75°F. Barometric pressure data, obtained from a nearby airport, are 29.82 in. Hg at sea level. D1.3 Example. It is recommended that the use of the calculation procedure that is based on perfect gas relationships and illustrated in this example be limited to instances in which the dry bulb temperature is 180°F dry bulb and 18°F wet bulb. Accu… D1.3 Example. It is recommended that the use of the calculation procedure that is based on perfect gas relationships and illustrated in this example be limited to instances in which the dry bulb temperature is 180°F dry bulb and 18°F wet bulb. Accu… D2. DETERMINATION OF THE DENSITY OF AIR, SPECIAL CASES D2. DETERMINATION OF THE DENSITY OF AIR, SPECIAL CASES D2.1 Example. Dry air is entering a fan inlet located at an elevation of 1000 ft above sea level. The pressure and temperature at the inlet are Psl = –15 in. wg and tdl = 95°F. Barometric pressure data, obtained from a nearby airport, are 29.24 in… D2.1 Example. Dry air is entering a fan inlet located at an elevation of 1000 ft above sea level. The pressure and temperature at the inlet are Psl = –15 in. wg and tdl = 95°F. Barometric pressure data, obtained from a nearby airport, are 29.24 in…
64	D3. PHASE CURRENT METHOD FOR ESTIMATING THE POWER OUTPUT OF THREE-PHASE FAN MOTORS D3. PHASE CURRENT METHOD FOR ESTIMATING THE POWER OUTPUT OF THREE-PHASE FAN MOTORS D3.1 Example. The power output of three-phase motors can be estimated based on the relationship of motor current and motor power output. The nature of this relationship is illustrated for a number of motors, covering a wide range of horsepower rating… D3.1 Example. The power output of three-phase motors can be estimated based on the relationship of motor current and motor power output. The nature of this relationship is illustrated for a number of motors, covering a wide range of horsepower rating… D4. Determination of Airflow Rates at Cooling and Heating Coils D4. Determination of Airflow Rates at Cooling and Heating Coils
83	INFORMATIVE APPENDIX E PUMPS INFORMATIVE APPENDIX E PUMPS E1. Pumps E1. Pumps E1.1 Pump Equations E1.1 Pump Equations E1.2 Hydronic Equivalents (SI) E1.2 Hydronic Equivalents (SI) E1.3 Pump Curves E1.3 Pump Curves E1.4 Pump Head Definitions E1.4 Pump Head Definitions
84	E1.5 Pump Head Equations E1.5 Pump Head Equations E1.6 Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) E1.6 Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) E1.7 Pump Suction Limitations E1.7 Pump Suction Limitations
85	E2. Pump Performance E2. Pump Performance E2.1 Pump Capacity E2.1 Pump Capacity E2.2 System Curves E2.2 System Curves

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Standard Title	ASHRAE Standard 111-2008 Measurement, Testing, Adjusting, and Balancing of Building HVAC Systems (ANSI Approved)
Published Code	ASHRAE
Publication Date	2008
Pages Count	88

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ASHRAE 111 08:2008 Edition

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