Prepared by the Water Quality and Drainage Committee of the Irrigation and Drainage Council of the Environmental and Water Resources Institute of ASCE. Agricultural Salinity Assessment and Management, second edition, considers worldwide salinity and trace element management in irrigated agriculture and water supplies. This updated edition provides a reference to help sustain irrigated agriculture and integrates contemporary concepts and management practices. It covers technical and scientific aspects of agricultural salinity mangement, as well as environmental, economic, and legal concerns. Topics include: nature and extent of agricultural salinity; diagnosis of salinity problems and selection of control practices; soil response to saline and sodic conditions; plant responses to saline and sodic conditions; long-term regional-scale modeling of soil salinity; case study of San Joaquin Valley, California; institutional and salinity issues on the Upper Rio Grande; and viability of irrigated agriculture with expanding space and time. The second edition of MOP 71 is valuable to water professionals, engineers, scientists, practitioners, and educators interested in developing and managing ever more constrained water supplies worldwide.

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PDF Pages	PDF Title
1	Cover
10	CONTENTS
20	FOREWORD
30	PREFACE
32	PART ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 NATURE AND EXTENT OF AGRICULTURAL SALINITY AND SODICITY Introduction
33	Salinity and Its Sources
34	Extent of Agricultural Salt Problems
37	Reactivity of Salts and Salt Flows
43	Concerns Over Agricultural Salinity Problems
54	The Agricultural Salinity and Drainage Dilemma Summary
55	References
58	2 DIAGNOSIS OF SALINITY PROBLEMS AND SELECTION OF CONTROL PRACTICES: AN OVERVIEW Introduction Potential Adverse Effects of Salts on Soils and Plants: Brief Summary
62	Diagnosing Salt Problems
72	Assessing Reclaimability
75	Selecting Salinity Control and Management Measures
83	Using Models to Identify Potential Salinity Problems
84	Summary
85	References Notation
88	PART TWO: EFFECTS OF SALTS ON SOILS 3 THE CHEMISTRY OF SALT-AFFECTED SOILS AND WATERS Introduction Origin of Salt in Soil and Water
93	Measurement of Salinity
96	Chemistry of Salt-Affected Soil Solutions
116	Summary References
119	Notation
120	4 CHEMISTRY OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN SOILS AND GROUNDWATER Introduction
121	Processes Affecting Trace Element Concentrations
130	Biogeochemical Behavior and Distribution of Trace Elements in Soils and Groundwater
149	Evaluation of Pollution Potential in Soils
153	Summary
154	References
167	Notation
170	5 SOIL RESPONSE TO SALINE AND SODIC CONDITIONS Introduction
172	Solution Composition and Clay Swelling and Dispersion
176	Solution Composition and the Hydraulic Conductivity of Sodic Soils
181	The Infiltration Rate in Sodic Soils
183	Depositional Crust: Effect of Salinity and Sodicity
186	Effect of Extrinsic Physical Conditions on Susceptibility of Soils to Sodicity
192	Effect of Polyacrylamide and Gypsum on Runoff and Erosion from Sodic Soils
193	Summary and Conclusions
194	References
198	Notation
200	6 PLANT RESPONSES TO SALINE AND SODIC CONDITIONS Introduction
201	Salinity and Sodicity
202	Principal Responses of Plants to Salinity
204	Mechanisms of Response
210	Integration in the Whole Plant
225	Outlook
226	Summary References
235	Notation
238	7 DEFICIENCIES AND TOXICITIES OF TRACE ELEMENTS Introduction
239	Factors Influencing Trace Element Deficiencies and Toxicities of Plants
244	Methods for Diagnosing Trace Element Deficiencies and Toxicities
249	Accumulation of Trace Elements in Vegetation to Levels Potentially Harmful to Animals
254	Assessing the Fates of Trace Elements in Soils
258	Summary
259	References
266	8 TRANSGENIC STRATEGIES TOWARD THE DEVELOPMENT OF SALT-TOLERANT PLANTS Introduction
289	Conclusions and Perspectives
291	Summary
292	References
306	PART THREE: SAMPLING, MONITORING, AND MEASUREMENT 9 FIELD SAMPLING OF SOIL, WATER, AND PLANTS Introduction
307	Sampling Techniques
310	Considerations in Developing Sampling Strategies
315	Evaluations of Sampling Strategies
316	Sampling Parameters
320	Summary
321	References
324	Notation
326	10 LABORATORY AND FIELD MEASUREMENTS Introduction
327	Factors Affecting Soil Salinity
328	Direct and Indirect Analysis of Soil Salinity
330	Methods of Laboratory, Lysimeter, and Plot-Scale Soil Salinity Measurement
343	Soil-Related (Edaphic) Factors Influencing the EC[sub(a)] Measurement
347	Methods of Field-Scale Soil Salinity Measurement
355	Use of Remote Imagery for Measuring Soil Salinity at Field and Landscape Scales
360	Summary References
371	Notation
374	PART FOUR: DIAGNOSIS OF SALT PROBLEMS 11 IRRIGATION WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENTS Introduction
376	Salinity
383	Sodicity
393	Ionic Balances
394	Boron
396	Trace Elements
399	Summary References
401	Notation
402	12 LEACHING AND ROOTZONE SALINITY CONTROL Introduction Water and Salt Balance
407	Leaching Requirement
411	Effect of Shallow Groundwater
421	Soil Salinity Without Leaching
423	Integration of Soil Salinity by Crops
429	Summary
430	References
433	Notation
436	13 PLANT SALT TOLERANCE Introduction
437	Source and Causes of Soil Salinity
438	Plant Salt Tolerance
458	Salinity and Nutritional Imbalance
460	Crop Response to Specific Ions and Elements
471	Parameters Influencing Plant Response to Salt Stress
476	Plant Tolerance to Saline Sprinkling Waters
477	Controlling Soil Salinity
478	Summary
479	References
490	Notation
492	14 STATISTICAL MODELS FOR THE PREDICTION OF FIELD-SCALE AND SPATIAL SALINITY PATTERNS FROM SOIL CONDUCTIVITY SURVEY DATA Introduction
511	Summary References
513	Notation
514	15 SPATIALLY DISTRIBUTED SOLUTE BALANCE IN A CALIFORNIA WATER DISTRICT Introduction
515	Local Geology of the Panoche Water District
518	Methods
528	Results
538	Summary and Conclusions
540	References
541	Notation
542	PART FIVE: SALINITY MANAGEMENT OPTIONS 16 ON-FARM IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE PRACTICES Introduction Irrigation and Salinity Control
555	Drainage and Salinity Control
559	Management of Shallow Groundwaters
564	Summary References
569	Notation
570	17 DRIP IRRIGATION AND SALINITY Introduction
587	Summary References
590	Notation
592	18 MANAGEMENT OF DRYLAND SALINE SEEPS Introduction
593	Factors Contributing to Saline Seep Development
595	Types of Saline Seeps
598	Water Quality Associated with Saline Seeps
600	Identification of Recharge and Discharge (Seep) Areas
603	Methods for Controlling Saline Seeps
610	Reclamation of Controlled Saline Seep Areas
613	Socioeconomic Concerns
614	Summary
615	References
622	19 PROJECT-LEVEL SALINITY MANAGEMENT OPTIONS Introduction Planning Regional Management Programs
628	Salinity Control Options
629	Project-Level Programs
633	Legal and Institutional Factors
635	Salinity Reduction by Improving Water Supplies and Irrigation Management
643	Summary
644	References
648	20 SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA, DRAINAGE MANAGEMENT OPTIONS Introduction
681	Summary and Conclusions
682	References
686	PART SIX: LAND RECLAMATION, TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OF DRAINAGE WATERS 21 RECLAMATION OF SALINE, SODIC, AND BORON-AFFECTED SOILS Introduction
687	Effects of Salinity and Adsorbed Ions on Soil Properties
690	Reclamation of Salt-Affected Soils
695	Reclamation of Sodium-Affected Soils
707	Reclamation of Boron-Affected Soils
709	Summary
710	References
715	Notation
718	22 USE OF SALINE DRAINAGE WATERS FOR IRRIGATION Introduction
719	Irrigation with Saline Water
740	Summary and Conclusion
742	References
750	Notation
752	23 DRAINAGE WATER TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL OPTIONS Introduction
753	Treatment of Agricultural Drainage Water
760	Trace Element Treatment
764	Disposal Options
775	Reclamation and Reuse Options
782	Summary
783	References
786	Notation
788	24 AGRICULTURAL EVAPORATION BASINS Introduction
811	Summary
812	References
816	Notation
818	25 SALINITY ASSESSMENT OF IRRIGATION WATER USING WATSUIT Introduction
829	Summary and Conclusion References
831	Notation
832	26 LEACHING REQUIREMENT: STEADY-STATE VERSUS TRANSIENT MODELS Introduction
836	General Description of Models Used to Estimate Leaching Requirement
838	WATSUIT
840	UNSATCHEM Model Inputs
841	Model Leaching Requirement Estimates
849	Implications of Leaching Requirement Model Estimates
853	Summary References
855	Notation
856	27 CONCEPTUAL WATER FLOW AND SALT TRANSPORT FOR FLUX-LIMITED AND PONDED INFILTRATION Introduction
857	An Overview of Research
858	Water Flow Model
865	Solute Transport Model
872	Results
881	Summary and Conclusions
882	References
886	28 MODELING TRANSIENT ROOTZONE SALINITY (SWS MODEL) Introduction
887	Model Development
889	SWS Model
899	Soil and Water Chemistry
906	SWS Applications
924	Summary
925	References
930	29 LONG-TERM REGIONAL-SCALE MODELING OF SOIL SALINITY Introduction
931	Methods
939	Results and Discussion
950	Summary and Conclusions
951	References
953	Notation
954	30 CONCEPTUAL IRRIGATION PROJECT HYDROSALINITY MODEL Introduction
961	Description of CIRFLE Hydrosalinity Model
967	Model Calibration and Validation
969	Sensitivity Analysis
974	Model Application
979	Model Limitations, Model Improvements, and Future Research Needs
980	Summary and Conclusions References
983	Notation
984	31 MICROECONOMICS OF SALINITY AND DRAINAGE MANAGEMENT Introduction
985	Dynamic Irrigation Management for a Single Season
991	Multiyear Irrigation Management
997	Farm and Regional Agricultural Production
1003	Summary and Conclusions
1005	References
1006	Notation
1008	32 SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY, CALIFORNIA: A CASE STUDY Introduction
1009	The Valley
1016	Efforts to Provide Agricultural Drainage for the San Joaquin Valley
1026	Drainage Litigation
1034	On-Farm Efforts Drainage Control Outside the San Luis Unit Service Area
1055	Summary
1056	References
1064	33 INSTITUTIONAL AND SALINITY ISSUES ON THE UPPER RIO GRANDE Introduction Rio Grande Overview
1079	Summary
1080	References
1084	34 VIABILITY OF IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE WITH EXPANDING SPACE AND TIME SCALES Introduction
1085	Farm Control Volume
1088	Extending the Spatial and Temporal Extent
1089	Irrigation District Control Volume
1092	Regional Control Volume Management
1094	Framework for Management Models
1098	Agricultural Viability
1099	Summary
1100	References
1102	APPENDIX
1108	INDEX A
1109	B C
1110	D
1111	E
1112	F G
1113	H I
1114	J K L
1115	M
1116	N O P
1118	Q R
1119	S
1123	T
1124	U V W
1125	X Y Z

Published By	Publication Date	Number of Pages
ASCE	2012	1125


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Standard Title	Manual of Practice No. 71: Agricultural Salinity Assessment and Management
Published Code	ASCE
Publication Date	2012
Pages Count	1125

ASCE 9780784411698 2012

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