ASCE 9780784404140 1999
$64.46
Manual of Practice No. 96: Guide to Improved Earthquake Performance of Electric Power Systems
| Published By | Publication Date | Number of Pages |
| ASCE | 1999 | 362 |
This manual, Guide to Improved Earthquake Performance of Electric Power Systems, documents methods to improve the earthquake response of electric power systems. A review of the manual should raise the awareness and understanding of the vulnerabilities of power system facilities and equipment. The emphasis is on power system elements that have been damaged by earthquakes, primarily high-voltage substation equipment; however, power generating stations, transmission and distribution lines, substations, system communications and control, and ancillary facilities and functions are also discussed. A detailed review of earthquake damage to power facilities and suggestions to improve their performance are presented. This manual suggests an overall approach to an earthquake mitigation program. Postearthquake emergency response procedures to reduce the disruption from damaged facilities are also discussed. This Guide demonstrates that improved installation practices and other mitigation measures, particularly for new construction and during refurbishment, are cost-effective in any region with a history of significant earthquake activity.
PDF Catalog
| PDF Pages | PDF Title |
|---|---|
| 6 | TABLE OF CONTENTS |
| 14 | PREFACE |
| 16 | ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
| 18 | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |
| 22 | 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background |
| 24 | 1.2 Purpose 1.3 Basis for Recommendations |
| 25 | 1.4 Scope 1.5 Organization of the Manual |
| 28 | 2 EARTHQUAKES: SOURCES AND EFFECTS 2.1 Sources of Earthquakes |
| 33 | 2.2 Quantifying the Size and Intensity of Earthquakes 2.2.1 Earthquake Size |
| 34 | 2.2.2 Earthquake Intensity |
| 35 | 2.3 Effects of Earthquakes 2.3.1 Ground Vibration |
| 37 | 2.3.2 Soil Liquefaction |
| 39 | 2.3.3 Soil-Structure Interaction |
| 40 | 2.3.4 Earthquake-Induced Landslides |
| 41 | 2.3.5 Subsidence 2.3.6 Ground Faulting |
| 44 | 2.3.7 Earthquake-Induced Water Waves |
| 45 | 2.4 Regional Differences in Earthquakes and Associated Hazards |
| 46 | 2.5 Regional Seismicity of the United States |
| 48 | 2.5.1 Western Region |
| 50 | 2.5.2 Central Region |
| 54 | 2.5.3 Eastern Region |
| 56 | 2.6 Summary of Differences between Earthquakes in California and Other Regions 2.7 Commonly Used Terms 2.7.1 Fault and Fault Trace |
| 57 | 2.7.2 Hypocenter and Epicenter 2.7.3 Earthquake Magnitudes 2.7.4 Intensity Scales 2.7.5 Tsunamis |
| 58 | Endnotes |
| 60 | 3 OVERVIEW OF EARTHQUAKE PERFORMANCE OF POWER SYSTEMS AND FACILITIES 3.1 Overall Power System Seismic Performance |
| 61 | 3.2 Power Transmission and Distribution Systems 3.2.1 Transmission Lines 3.2.2 Distribution Lines |
| 62 | 3.2.3 Substations 3.3 Power Generation Facilities |
| 63 | 3.4 Control, Protection, and Communications Facilities |
| 64 | 4 APPROACH TO IMPROVED EARTHQUAKE PERFORMANCE |
| 66 | 4.1 Overview of Improved Earthquake Performance 4.2 Earthquake Hazard and System Vulnerability Evaluation |
| 68 | 4.2.1 Initial Earthquake Hazard and System Vulnerability Evaluatio 4.2.2 Detailed Earthquake Hazard and System Vulnerability Evaluation |
| 74 | 4.3 Earthquake Planning 4.3.1 Disaster Response Plans |
| 75 | 4.3.2 Corporate Recovery Plans 4.3.3 Evaluation of System Vulnerabilities 4.3.4 Emergency Operations Center |
| 76 | 4.3.5 Alternate Energy Control Center 4.4 Earthquake Mitigation |
| 77 | 4.4.1 Implementing Tasks with a High Benefit-Cost Ratio 4.4.2 Seismically Upgrading Manuals of Practice |
| 80 | 4.4.3 Detailed Vulnerability Assessment of System Facilities 4.4.4 Implementation of Mitigation Plan |
| 81 | 4.4.5 Periodic Review and Revision of Mitigation Program |
| 82 | 4.5 Comments on Implementing an Earthquake Damage Mitigation Program 4.5.1 Initiating an Earthquake Mitigation Program 4.5.2 Commitment of Top Management Is Needed |
| 83 | 4.5.3 Cost-Effectiveness 4.5.4 Maintaining Mitigation Program |
| 84 | 4.5.5 Seismic Design Engineering |
| 85 | Endnotes |
| 86 | 5 SUBSTATIONS |
| 90 | 5.1 Overview of Substations |
| 91 | 5.2 Substation Configuration and Components |
| 92 | 5.3 Earthquake Effects on Substations |
| 93 | 5.3.1 Earthquake-Induced Vibration 5.3.2 Soil Deformation and Ground Faulting |
| 95 | 5.3.3 Soil-Structure Interaction |
| 96 | 5.4 Recommended Design Criteria for Substations |
| 98 | 5.5 Common Failures |
| 99 | 5.5.1 Failures of Porcelain Members |
| 103 | 5.5.2 Failures of Equipment Anchorage |
| 105 | 5.5.3 Failure of Cast-Aluminum Hardware 5.6 Substation Busses, Conductors, and Their Supports |
| 106 | 5.6.1 Dead-End Transmission Towers |
| 107 | 5.6.2 Busses, Conductors, and Their Supports |
| 113 | 5.6.3 Bus and Conductor Support Structures |
| 114 | 5.6.4 Mitigation and Retrofit of Substation Busses, Conductors, and Their Supports |
| 121 | 5.6.5 Emergency Response Procedures for Substation Busses, Conductors, and Their Supports 5.6.6 Recommended Installation Practices for Substation Busses, Conductors, and Their Supports |
| 122 | 5.7 Power Transformers |
| 123 | 5.7.1 Sudden Pressure, Bucholtz and Protective Relays |
| 124 | 5.7.2 Anchorage |
| 153 | 5.7.3 Bushings |
| 160 | 5.7.4 Radiators |
| 165 | 5.7.5 Conservators |
| 169 | 5.7.6 Tertiary Bushings and Lightning Arresters 5.7.7 Transfer Busses |
| 170 | 5.7.8 Emergency Response Procedures for Transformers |
| 173 | 5.7.9 Summary of Earthquake Issues Related to Transformers |
| 174 | 5.8 Distribution Transformers |
| 175 | 5.8.1 Earthquake Performance of Distribution Transformers |
| 177 | 5.8.2 Mitigation and Retrofit of Distribution Transformers |
| 178 | 5.8.3 Recommended Practice for Distribution Transformers |
| 179 | 5.9 Lightning (Surge) Arresters |
| 180 | 5.9.1 Earthquake Performance of Lightning Arresters |
| 182 | 5.9.2 Mitigation and Retrofit of Lightning Arresters |
| 183 | 5.9.3 Emergency Response Procedures for Lightning Arresters |
| 184 | 5.9.4 Recommended Installation Practices for Lightning Arresters |
| 188 | 5.10 Current Transformers 5.10.1 Earthquake Performance of Current Transformers |
| 192 | 5.10.2 Mitigation and Retrofit of Current Transformers |
| 193 | 5.10.3 Emergency Response Procedures for Current Transformers |
| 194 | 5.10.4 Recommended Installation Practices for Current Transformers |
| 195 | 5.11 Instrumentation Transformers 5.11.1 Earthquake Performance of Instrumentation Transformers |
| 199 | 5.11.2 Mitigation and Retrofit of Instrumentation Transformers 5.11.3 Emergency Response Procedures for Instrumentation Transformers 5.11.4 Recommended Installation Practices for Instrumentation Transformers 5.12 Circuit Breakers |
| 200 | 5.12.1 Earthquake Performance, Mitigation, and Retrofit of Circuit Breakers |
| 216 | 5.12.2 Emergency Response Procedures for Circuit Breakers 5.12.3 Recommended Installation Practices for Circuit Breakers |
| 217 | 5.13 Disconnect Switches 5.13.1 Earthquake Performance of Disconnect Switches |
| 221 | 5.13.2 Mitigation and Retrofit of Disconnect Switches 5.13.3 Emergency Response Procedures for Disconnect Switches 5.13.4 Recommended Installation Practices for Disconnect Switches |
| 222 | 5.14 Circuit Switchers |
| 223 | 5.14.1 Earthquake Performance of Circuit Switchers 5.14.2 Mitigation and Retrofit of Circuit Switchers |
| 224 | 5.14.3 Emergency Response Procedure for Circuit Switchers 5.14.4 Recommended Installation Practices for Circuit Switchers 5.15 Wave Traps |
| 225 | 5.15.1 Earthquake Performance of Wave Traps |
| 228 | 5.15.2 Mitigation and Retrofit of Wave Traps 5.15.3 Emergency Response Procedures for Wave Traps 5.15.4 Recommended Installation Practices for Wave Traps |
| 230 | 5.16 Current-Limiting Reactors, Filters, Shunt Reactors, Voltage Support, and Power Factor Correction Devices |
| 237 | 5.16.1 Mitigation and Retrofit of Voltage Support Devices 5.16.2 Emergency Response Procedure for Voltage Support Devices 5.16.3 Recommended Installation Practices for Voltage Support Devices |
| 238 | 5.17 StationPower |
| 239 | 5.17.1 Earthquake Performance of Station Power |
| 240 | 5.17.2 Mitigation and Retrofit of Station Power |
| 241 | 5.17.3 Emergency Response Procedure for Station Power 5.17.4 Recommended Installation Practices for Station Power 5.18 Substation Control Structures and Their Contents 5.18.1 Control House Structures |
| 245 | 5.18.2 Equipment 5.18.3 Other Substation Equipment 5.18.4 Recommended Practices for Substation Control Structures and Their Contents |
| 246 | 5.19 Miscellaneous Facilities: Oil Storage Tanks 5.19.1 Earthquake Performance of Oil Storage Tanks 5.19.2 Recommended Practices for Oil Storage Tanks |
| 247 | Endnotes |
| 248 | 6 TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION LINES AND SUPPORT STRUCTURES 6.1 Transmission Systems and Their Support Structures |
| 249 | 6.1.1 Earthquake Performance of Transmission Systems and Support Structures 6.1.2 Mitigation and Retrofit of Transmission Systems and Support Structures |
| 250 | 6.1.3 Emergency Response Procedure for Transmission Systems and Support Structures 6.1.4 Recommended Installation Practices for Transmission Systems and Support Structures |
| 251 | 6.2 Distribution Systems and Support Structures |
| 252 | 6.2.1 Earthquake Performance of Distribution Systems and Support Structures |
| 253 | 6.2.2 Mitigation and Retrofit of Distribution Systems and Support Structures |
| 254 | 6.2.3 Emergency Response Procedure for Distribution Systems and Support Structures |
| 255 | 6.2.4 Recommended Installation Practices for Distribution Systems and Support Structures |
| 256 | 7 POWER-GENERATING FACILITIES |
| 258 | 7.1 Combustion-Turbine Generating Units 7.2 Steam-Turbine Generating Units |
| 259 | 7.2.1 Turbines |
| 261 | 7.2.2 Steam Generators and Support Systems |
| 264 | 7.2.3 Commercially Produced Equipment |
| 265 | 7.2.4 Engineered Equipment |
| 268 | 7.2.5 Structural Damage |
| 270 | 8 SYSTEM CONTROL |
| 272 | 8.1 Control Center Structure 8.1.1 Structural Systems |
| 273 | 8.1.2 Nonstructural Systems |
| 274 | 8.2 Building Service Systems |
| 275 | 8.2.1 HVAC Systems |
| 276 | 8.2.2 Emergency Power Systems |
| 280 | 8.3 Engine-Generator Systems 8.3.1 Engine-Generator |
| 281 | 8.3.2 Control Console |
| 282 | 8.3.3 Starting Systems 8.3.4 Day Tank |
| 283 | 8.3.5 Main Fuel Tank |
| 286 | 8.3.6 Piping Systems |
| 287 | 8.3.7 Oil Cooler 8.3.8 Cooling System |
| 288 | 8.3.9 Exhaust System |
| 289 | 8.3.10 Transfer Switch 8.3.11 Testing |
| 290 | 8.3.12 Operating Procedures and Their Documentation 8.3.13 Emergency Power Survey 8.3.14 External Power Hookup 8.3.15 Summary of Critical Issues for Emergency Power Systems |
| 291 | 8.4 Network Management |
| 292 | 8.4.1 Energy Management 8.4.2 Power Dispatch |
| 293 | 8.4.3 Network Configuration 8.5 System Control 8.5.1 Control Console and Status Board |
| 295 | 8.5.2 SCADA System |
| 296 | 8.5.3 Computer Systems |
| 300 | 8.5.4 Damage Restoration |
| 302 | Endnotes |
| 304 | 9 COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS |
| 305 | 9.1 Communication Links |
| 306 | 9.2 Communication Equipment Located at Facilities 9.2.1 Telephone Equipment |
| 308 | 9.2.2 Cable Trays 9.2.3 Private Branch Exchange (PBX) |
| 311 | 9.2.4 Modems |
| 312 | 9.2.5 Microwave Transmission Equipment |
| 313 | 9.3 Radio-Based Maintenance Dispatch |
| 316 | 9.4 Emergency Power 9.5 HVAC Systems |
| 318 | 10 ANCILLARY FACILITIES AND FUNCTIONS |
| 319 | 10.1 Maintenance or Service Centers |
| 320 | 10.2 Inventory Control Systems |
| 321 | 10.3 Spare Parts Storage |
| 324 | 10.4 Emergency Operations Centers |
| 327 | 10.4.1 Organization of an EOC |
| 333 | 10.4.2 Past Earthquake Performance of EOCs and Similar Facilities 10.4.3 Interaction of the Utility EOC and Government EOCs |
| 334 | 10.4.4 Recommendations 10.5 Engineering Offices |
| 335 | 10.6 Specialized Equipment Endnotes |
| 336 | APPENDIX A: MODIFIED MERCALLI INTENSITY SCALE |
| 337 | Quality of Masonry |
| 338 | APPENDIX B: INVESTIGATION OF SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT |
| 341 | Endnote |
| 342 | APPENDIX C: SUBSTATION BUS CONFIGURATIONS |
| 346 | APPENDIX D: FURTHER RESOURCES |
| 348 | APPENDIX E: TECHNICAL COUNCIL ON LIFELINE EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING PUBLICATIONS AND MONOGRAPHS Publications Monographs |
| 350 | INDEX A |
| 351 | B C |
| 353 | D |
| 354 | E |
| 355 | F G H |
| 356 | I L |
| 357 | M N O P |
| 359 | R S |
| 361 | T U V |
| 362 | W |
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